Author Correction: Fourier Transform Infrared Microscopy Enables Guidance of Automated Mass Spectrometry Imaging to Predefined Tissue Morphologies

Abstract

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Molecular Origin of Blood‐Based Infrared Spectroscopic Fingerprints**

“… [41] We adapted this technology for human blood serum and applied it to our sample set in order to model the IMFs of hydrated biofluids as a linear combination of molecular components. Although FTIR has been integrated with proteomics to study tissue thin‐sections,[ 42 , 43 ] such a parallelized approach for molecular annotation of disease‐relevant vibrational fingerprints of human blood derivatives has been lacking this far.…”

Perspective on Multimodal Imaging Techniques Coupling Mass Spectrometry and Vibrational Spectroscopy: Picturing the Best of Both Worlds

“… 14 Choosing a substrate that worked for both imaging techniques soon became an asset, and several studies applied multimodal imaging using the same sample preparation and the same sample. 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 One such substrate is the ITO-coated glass slide, on which cells, 16 mouse brain, 4 , 5 , 13 mammary tumor, 10 and larynx 17 sections are deposited right after cryosectioning. Generally, the Raman measurements (which are nondestructive) are done first, and then the matrix is deposited on the substrate for MALDI analysis.…”

“…Based on the sample size and morphology, different imaging experiments require different spatial resolution. For example, larger samples (tissues, plants) are frequently imaged at lower resolution (over 50 μm per pixel) using techniques such as DESI, MALDI, and FTIR, − ,, while smaller samples (cells, bacteria) are analyzed using high-resolution methods like SIMS, LA-ICP, Raman, and SERS ,,, that can achieve submicrometer resolution. In multimodal imaging, one technique can be used to obtain a full scan of the sample and another to “zoom in” on a morphologically or compositionally interesting area.…”

“…MSI and VSI can be combined to overcome the limitations of one technique and complementing it by the advantages of the other. This combination has been applied in various imaging studies (as illustrated in Table S1 in the Supporting Information): animal brains (mouse, ,, rat, , and hamster), cell cultures, , bacterial colonies, ,, liver metabolism, , cancerous tissues, ,, fingermarks, and even plants (perennial grass and maize leaves). Label-free multimodal imaging is a new holistic approach which will impact analytical chemistry, especially the “omics” sciences, for two main reasons: (1) the imaging techniques provide complementary information that identifies molecules and validates results and (2) the spatial and spectral information have boosted value.…”

“…However, one picture might not be enough to fully characterize complex biosystems. That is why multimodal imaging platforms have emerged in the past decade as a coordinated combination of multiple imaging techniques to find solutions in fields as diverse as plant-based renewable energy, microbiology, clinical medicine, and forensics. − Multimodal imaging provides a set of information which characterizes biological samples from two aspects: quantitative and qualitative molecular information and molecular distribution at both high and low spatial resolution. The coupling of imaging modalities started with optical microscopy techniques such as classical histopathology, fluorescence imaging, and immunohistochemistry being combined with molecular imaging techniques such as infrared or Raman spectroscopy imaging and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). ,,− The classical histology techniques have a major limitation which impedes comprehensive analysis of biological samples: they use labels for targeted imaging. , This approach involves monitoring a reduced number of compounds (usually two or three proteins) because the chemical stains, immunohistochemical tags, or other labels used for imaging are limited.…”