Author Correction: A self-amplifying RNA vaccine against COVID-19 with long-term room-temperature stability

COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Did We Stand at the End of 2023?

“…Nucleic acid-DNA INO-4800 alpha, beta, gamma 2.1-fold (alpha), 6.9-fold (beta) reduction in nAbs, same as for the original strain (gamma) [188] INO-4802 alpha, beta, gamma nAb responses [189], prime-boost strategy [190] Nucleic acid-RNA BNT162b (Pfizer/BioNTech) alpha, beta, gamma, delta delta omicron Prevention of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 [191] 67% (Spain) [192] and 90% (the UK) [193] VE 25% (US) [194], 30% (Israel) [195], 51% (Qatar) [196] VE mRNA-1273 (Moderna) alpha, beta, gamma, delta 1.2-fold (alpha), 2.1-8.4-fold (beta, gamma, delta) nAb titer reduction [197] mRNA-1273.214 Omicron omicron BA.1, BA.4, BA.5 alpha, beta, gamma, delta Reduced nAbs in children compared to D614G [198] Superior nAb response compared to mRNA-1273 [199] Superior binding compared to mRNA-1273 [199] mRNA XBB.1.5 omicron XBB.1.5, EG.1.5 27-27.6-fold increase in nAb levels [200] CVnCOV (Curavec) delta Similar nAb levels as for wild-type SARS-CoV-2 [201] LNP-nCoVsaRNA alpha Protection against alpha variant in hamsters [202] ZIP1642 beta, delta Substantial nAb responses [203] saRNA/NLC SARS-CoV-2 alpha, beta, delta Robust nAb and Th1-biased T-cell responses [166] Flu, inactivated influenza A virus; nAbs, neutralizing antibodies; LNP, lipid nanoparticles; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; NLC, nanolipid particles; PsVNA, pseudovirus-neutralizing antibody; RBD, receptor binding domain; saRNA, self-amplifying RNA; VE, vaccine efficacy; VLP, virus-like particle; VoC, variant of concern.…”

“…However, in phase II, superior seroconversion rates were achieved by either a prolonged dosing interval or the administration of a 1.0 μg prime dose followed by a 10 μg booster dose [ 111 ]. Another similar nanostructural lipid carrier (NLC)-encapsulated VEE-based saRNA vaccine containing the SARS-CoV-2 S RNA induced robust Th1-biased T-cell responses in immunized mice [ 166 ]. The lyophilized thermostable saRNA/NLC vaccine could be stored at refrigerated temperatures for at least 10 months.…”

“…Another saRNA-based vaccine, the ZIP1642 saRNA encoding both the SARS-CoV-2 S RBD and N RNA, elicited high neutralizing antibody titers against the beta and delta variants [ 202 ]. Moreover, the thermostable saRNA/NLC SARS-CoV-2 vaccine elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses and Th1-biased T-cell responses against the alpha, beta, and delta variants [ 166 ].…”

“…However, alternative approaches of targeting other SARS-CoV-2 proteins than the S protein such as the engineering of the pan-immune responses for whole-virus vaccines [ 5 ] and the INO-4802 pan-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [ 188 ] have been tested. Another improvement relates to the development of thermostable vaccines such as the saRNA/NLC [ 167 ] and saRNA/NLC SARS-CoV-2 vaccines [ 166 ], which facilitate transport and storage but should also improve vaccine stability upon administration.…”

COVID-19 Vaccines: Where Do We Stand at the End of 2023?

“…However, in phase II, superior seroconversion rates were achieved by either a prolonged dosing interval or the administration of a 1.0 μg prime dose followed by a 10 μg booster dose [163]. Another similar nanostructural lipid carrier (NLC)encapsulated VEE-based saRNA vaccine including the SARS-CoV-2 S RNA induced robust Th1biased T-cell responses in immunized mice [164]. The lyophilized thermostable saRNA/NLC vaccine could be stored at refrigerated temperatures for at least 10 months.…”