Since the 1990s, the term "nation" for Indigenous Australian groups has emerged, along with an increasingly common phrase "First Nations," used both by Indigenous groups in self-reference and by others in reference to them. This article examines the multiple sources of nation and its emergence in Australia as a contemporary form of Indigenous political discourse. Following a history of repeated dismissal of representative organizations by the Australian state, collective gains in recognition and legal visibility of Indigenous people, globally and nationally, have motivated a search for persuasive forms of organization that can command political authority between local social forms and governments, businesses, and other entities. Treaties are commonly understood as between distinct "nations," but-notoriously-the Australian state did not negotiate treaties with Indigenous people. The emergence of "nation" is aspirational and double-sided: it responds to dominant Australian conditions and political demands but retains much that is distinctive of Aboriginal social process rather than erasing it in the socio-political innovation of nationhood. The rise of Australian Indigenous "nations," recent and partial, sheds light both on persistence in Indigenous action and extension of governmental power into Indigenous domains-the "post-" of settler colonialism.