Australian children with type 1 diabetes consume high sodium and high saturated fat diets: Comparison with national and international guidelines

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the diets of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) against recommended Australian dietary intakes and international T1D guidelines and compare them to children without T1D. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis in 143 children (103 children aged 8-18 years with T1D and 40 age-and gender-matched controls) and longitudinal analysis at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months in 90 T1D children were conducted. Diet was assessed using an Australian validated food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was assessed against recommended servings and nutrient intakes from Australian Dietary Guidelines and International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Nutritional Guidelines. Results: Diet was evaluated in 478 questionnaires. Diet composition did not differ between T1D and controls, and both groups did not meet the majority of the Australian Dietary Guidelines, except for fruit intake. The majority of T1D children and controls (80-83%) were overconsuming sodium (2837 AE 848 mg/day), discretionary foods (5.9 AE 2.5 serves/day) and saturated fat and trans fatty acids (13.1 AE 2.7% of total daily energy intake) in comparison with Australian and ISPAD guidelines. A total of 84% of T1D children and controls achieved the recommended intake of fibre (34.4 AE 11.0 g/day). Longitudinal analysis in children with T1D showed that total daily energy, macronutrient, micronutrient and food group servings intake did not change over the 12 months. Overconsumption of sodium, discretionary foods and saturated fat persisted over the 12-month study period. Conclusions: The majority of Australian children, with and without T1D, is not meeting recommended dietary guidelines. Significant overconsumption of sodium, saturated fat and discretionary foods attracts the most concern.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Dietary Factors among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Similar results were obtained by other authors: 16.9% TDEE [39] and 16% TDEE [40,41]. Regarding consumption of SFA (16.4 g, 8.8% TDEE), MUFA (14.2 g, 7.5% TDEE), and PUFA (6.2 g, 10.3% TDEE), our results differed from those reported by Katz et al (SFA 12.4% TDEE) [41] and Thomson et al (37.4 g, 33.2 g, and 11.2 g, respectively) [42].…”

Associations between diet, the gut microbiome and short chain fatty acids in youth with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes

“…Overall, there were no major differences in macronutrient intake in IA/T1D and controls as reported in the full TIGS cohort, 39 and consistent with findings from an Australian study in similarly aged children with T1D 53 . The majority of participants did not meet the Australian recommended daily intake of micronutrients and consumed excess saturated fat and sodium, also consistent with our previous research 54,55 . Fiber intake was relatively high in both groups (Table 1), and it is recognized that FFQs may over report fiber intake 56 .…”

Impact of Fat Intake on Blood Glucose Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

“…Several studies from different countries demonstrated a low adherence in meeting nutrition recommendations among T1D children and adolescents, and particular concern emerged regarding high total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. Whether people with T1D were closer to guidelines than controls is debated, since contrasting results are described [ 13 , 18 , 21 , 23 ].…”