Australia Antigen and Antibody Among Patients Attending a Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Fulford, K. W. M.; Dane, D. S.; Catterall, R. D.; Woof, R.; Denning, J.V.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(73)91810-2

Cited by 115 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In Inverclyde, in 87% of 92 cases reporting injecting drug use, 3% were infected through heterosexual contact with a case [21]. Our results are also consistent with the findings of previous studies in non-outbreak settings, where multiple partners, duration of sexual activity, or history of another sexually transmitted infection have been associated with an increased risk of HBV transmission [22][23][24][25]. MSM are a group with a higher prevalence of HBV than the general population.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Investigation of a large community-based outbreak of hepatitis B infection in the United Kingdom

et al. 2011

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SUMMARYWe describe the largest outbreak of hepatitis B virus infection reported to date in the UK. Between July 2001 and December 2005, 237 cases were identified in Avon, South West England. The likely route of transmission was injecting drug use in 44% (104/237) and heterosexual intercourse in 30 % (71/237) of cases. A case-control study in injectors showed that injecting crack cocaine [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 23 . 8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3 . 04-186, P<0 . 001] and sharing injecting paraphernalia in the year before diagnosis (aOR 16 . 67, 95 % CI 1 . 78-100, P=0 . 010) were strongly associated with acute hepatitis B. In non-IDUs number of sexual partners and lack of consistent condom use were high compared to a national sample. We describe the control measures implemented in response to the outbreak. This outbreak has highlighted the problems associated with the low uptake from the national hepatitis B vaccination policy which targets high-risk groups, the difficulties of identifying those at risk of acquiring hepatitis B infection through heterosexual sex, and injecting crack cocaine as a risk factor for hepatitis B.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Investigation of a large community-based outbreak of hepatitis B infection in the United Kingdom

et al. 2011

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“…Percutaneous transmission among intravenous-drug abusers (IVDA) sharing contaminated needles remains the predominant mode of transmission in developed countries (151,162). Transmission of HBV through sexual modes is well established; sexual transmission is particularly efficient among homosexual men (146) and in individuals with multiple partners (87). While intrauterine infections are infrequent (286), vertical transmission is primarily perinatal.…”

Section: Hbv Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection

2012

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SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a complex clinical entity frequently associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The persistence of HBV genomes in the absence of detectable surface antigenemia is termed occult HBV infection. Mutations in the surface gene rendering HBsAg undetectable by commercial assays and inhibition of HBV by suppression of viral replication and viral proteins represent two fundamentally different mechanisms that lead to occult HBV infections. The molecular mechanisms underlying occult HBV infections, including recently identified mechanisms associated with the suppression of HBV replication and inhibition of HBV proteins, are reviewed in detail. The availability of highly sensitive molecular methods has led to increased detection of occult HBV infections in various clinical settings. The clinical relevance of occult HBV infection and the utility of appropriate diagnostic methods to detect occult HBV infection are discussed. The need for specific guidelines on the diagnosis and management of occult HBV infection is being increasingly recognized; the aspects of mechanistic studies that warrant further investigation are discussed in the final section.

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“…Hepatitis B positivity has been known to be more frequent in STD clinic attenders, homosexual men, and prostitutes for many years, [78][79][80] and is commoner in patients with more sexual partners or a past history of STI in both homosexual [81][82][83] and heterosexual groups. 83 Antigen has been found in both semen and saliva, 84 and also in faeces, 85 although this has not been confirmed by all investigators.…”

Section: Hepatitis Bmentioning

confidence: 99%