Aus den Memoiren des Marschalls von Bassompierre

Social Behavior of the Ruff, Philomachus Pugnax (L.)

“…Of the 23 different types, several have also been noted in the other three areas studied: 6 of the 23 types occurred in 4 areas, 3 of the 23 in 3 areas, 7 of the 23 in 2 areas, and the remaining 7 occurred only on Schiermonnikoog. GOETHE (1953) has stressed the fact of this repetition of certain types of plumages with respect to colors, color combinations and patterns, and has pointed to the genetical implications of this phenomenon.…”

“…V AN JUNGE (1934, 1936) have investigated the endocrinological aspects of the development of the male nuptial plumage. LINDEMANN (1951) and GOETHE (1953) describe and comment on the extent of the plumage diversity among the males.…”