1977
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1164-8_3
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Auroras and Auroral Particles

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1985
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Cited by 4 publications
(2 citation statements)
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“…This is followed by expansion phase onset, which can be visualized as auroral activity in the ionosphere where the most equatorward arc suddenly brightens. Subsequently, the aurora expands poleward and westward during auroral breakup (Akasofu, 1964(Akasofu, , 1977. At or before expansion phase onset, structures known as auroral beads often develop in the brightening arc and are observed in 90% of all substorms (Kalmoni et al, 2017).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is followed by expansion phase onset, which can be visualized as auroral activity in the ionosphere where the most equatorward arc suddenly brightens. Subsequently, the aurora expands poleward and westward during auroral breakup (Akasofu, 1964(Akasofu, , 1977. At or before expansion phase onset, structures known as auroral beads often develop in the brightening arc and are observed in 90% of all substorms (Kalmoni et al, 2017).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The expansion phase ultimately results in the release of stored magnetic energy in the magnetotail, the injection of energetic particles toward the Earth (e.g., McPherron, 1979; McPherron et al., 1973) and a dipolarization of the tail magnetic field (e.g., McPherron et al., 1973). Correspondingly, the expansion phase in the ionosphere is associated with a brightening and poleward and westward expansion of the aurora (Akasofu, 1965; McPherron, 1979), and the onset is usually marked by the sudden brightening of the most equatorward arc (Akasofu, 1977), and the structuring of the onset arc in the form of auroral beads (e.g., Kalmoni et al., 2017, and others).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%