Auricularia auricula Melanin Protects against Alcoholic Liver Injury and Modulates Intestinal Microbiota Composition in Mice Exposed to Alcohol Intake

Abstract

The potential effects of Auricularia auricula melanin (AAM) on the intestinal flora and liver metabolome in mice exposed to alcohol intake were investigated for the first time. The results showed that oral administration of AAM significantly reduced the abnormal elevation of serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and significantly inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis in mice exposed to alcohol intake. Besides, the abnormally high levels of bile acids (BAs) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver of mice with alcohol intake were significantly decreased by AAM intervention, while the hepatic levels of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were appreciably increased. Compared with the model group, AAM supplementation significantly changed the composition of intestinal flora and up-regulated the levels of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, etc. Furthermore, liver metabolomics demonstrated that AAM had a significant regulatory effect on the composition of liver metabolites in mice with alcohol intake, especially the metabolites involved in phosphatidylinositol signaling system, ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. At the gene level, AAM treatment regulated the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism and inflammatory response related genes in liver, including ACC-1, FASn, CPT-1, CD36, IFN-γ, LDLr and TNF-α. Conclusively, these findings suggest that AAM has potential beneficial effects on alleviating alcohol-induced liver injury and is expected to become a new functional food ingredient.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Was Involved in Decabromodiphenyl Ethane-Induced Glucolipid Metabolism Disorders and Neurotoxicity in Zebrafish Larvae

“…ABC transporters have been considered important participants in the self-protection of zebrafish embryos against environmental pollutants such as BDE-47 and BDE-209. − Specifically, this study found that DBDPE treatment led to a significant increase in metabolites such as betaine, melibiose, and maltotriose, which are involved in the pathway associated with ABC transporters in zebrafish larvae (Figure C). Betaine acts as the methyl donor and could regulate lipid metabolism, and maltotriose is the primary product from dietary starch and maltodextrin, which is ultimately digested to glucose. , Therefore, the potential effects on glucose and lipid metabolism were further validated in zebrafish larvae upon DBDPE exposure (Figure G). We found that the glucose levels were significantly increased, while the pyruvic acid contents were significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae exposed to 400 μg/L DBDPE ( P < 0.05; Figure G1,G2).…”

“…Betaine acts as the methyl donor and could regulate lipid metabolism, and maltotriose is the primary product from dietary starch and maltodextrin, which is ultimately digested to glucose. 47,48 Therefore, the potential effects on glucose and lipid metabolism were further validated in zebrafish larvae upon DBDPE exposure (Figure 2G). We found that the glucose levels were significantly increased, while the pyruvic acid contents were significantly decreased in zebrafish larvae exposed to 400 μg/L DBDPE (P < 0.05; Figure 2G1,G2).…”

Akkermansia muciniphila and Alcohol‐Related Liver Diseases. A Systematic Review

“…Many nutrients can promote the relative abundance of A. muciniphila in various models ( Table 1 ), [ 14,45–81 ] while others have been shown to decrease the relative abundance of A. muciniphila ( Table 2 ). [ 5,82–87 ] The presence of A. muciniphila has often been described as associated with good health, showing a correlation with α‐diversity of the gut microbiota, which represents the species richness or the number of species in the intestinal ecosystem.…”

Alterations in intestinal microbiota and metabolites in individuals with Down syndrome and their correlation with inflammation and behavior disorders in mice

“…In addition, increases in MCP-1 secretion are strongly associated with IL-1β and can activate multiple inflammatory pathways leading to the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α, and G-CSF (Huang et al, 2022). IL-6 is a well-established inflammation-promoting cytokine secreted by a variety of cell types (Mauer et al, 2015;Lin et al, 2021). Abnormal levels of TNF-α disturb the immune system by activating TNF receptors and up-regulating the downstream pathways and regulatory molecules, including NF-κB, MAPKs, caspases, and ROS/RNS (Blaser et al, 2016).…”