Augmented Reality to Enable Users in Learning Case Grammar from Their Real-World Interactions

XR-Ed Framework: Designing Instruction-driven andLearner-centered Extended Reality Systems for Education

“…For example, for the education setting, the reviewed work span from informal learning [42,48,55,64,67,83,84,103]to formal learning [45,46,53,54,65,85], the target learners age range from K-12 children [45,53,54,66,67,85,98] to college students in higher ed settings or other adults [56,65,77,81,83,84,100,101]; the domain subjects that educational XR systems target in our review also span from math [55,56,67,101], science (e.g. physics [44,48,54,99], animal science [41]), programming and coding [60,61], to language learning [47,84,85,98,102,103] and art [63,…”

“…4.5.2 Physically-enhanced virtual environments. In a physically-enhanced virtual learning environment, the main learning contents are still supported by virtual objects and virtual interaction, while physical objects enable tangible interaction [60] and provide affordance for contextual learning and scaffolding [55,84]. By bridging the physical world and virtual world by leveraging AR/MR technology, researchers can enable students to physically interact with programming and computational concepts [60].…”

“…4.6.1 Separate pre/post test outside of the system: Many educational XR systems have no learner assessment built in, (e.g. [55,65,84]. They rely, rather, on external pre or post tests that assess the learners.…”

“…For example, in an AR application for college students' geography education, students were assessed by given a 30-item achievement test as pretest and posttest as assessment [65]. Similarly in [84]'s AR application to learn case grammar, learners were assessed using questionnaire on their prior knowledge of vocabulary and case grammar (as pre-test), and performed vocabulary recall test and transfer performance test (as post-test) to assess their knowledge of case grammar . One design tradeoff is this might be logistically more complicated for learners, but could reduce the development effort and bypass the technical complexity of implementing assessment in XR environment.…”

“…Example Work in XR system Use 3D visualization to teach in a clearer or more visually way [45,100] Connect physical and virtual world to support learners learning by doing [54,85,99] Augment physical objects to provide richer digital information [84] Role-play or participatory simulation as part of the target knowledge [29,31,34,[41][42][43] Embedding interactive agent in XR to promote Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) [55,66] Afford learner control and agency through XR controller, sensors [42,79,80] Table 2. Mechanisms of XR technologies in Education…”