“…The integration of AR applications in teaching complex and abstract topics in the science curriculum has the potential to improve student understanding and motivation (Alzahrani, 2020;Cai et al, 2021;Chen, 2020;Jesionkowska et al, 2020;Liono et al, 2021). AR has also proven effective in helping students understand the characteristics of planets in the solar system (Septiani et al, 2020) and solar system motion material (Gumilar et al, 2021) by providing more realistic visualizations. In addition, using AR can stimulate students' curiosity, improving their critical thinking skills (Zuniari et al, 2022).…”