Augmentation of murine tumor necrosis factor production by amphotericin B in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

Murine peritoneal macrophages were preincubated with amphotericin B (AMPH) and were then stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide or streptococcal preparation (OK432). These macrophages produced a large amount of tumor necrosis factor. When administered to mice, the priming activity of amphotericin B for tumor necrosis factor production in vivo was also observed.Amphotericin B (AMPH) is known to activate macrophage functions in terms of oxidative burst (17) and fungicidal activity (10). It was also reported to induce the production of a marginal level of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF) in murine macrophages in vitro (2, 3). There is much evidence that TNF exhibits many types of immunological properties (1,4,14). This suggests that some part of the immunological or pharmacological actions of AMPH may be mediated by TNF. Efficient induction of TNF by macrophages is known to require at least two types of stimulation (7). Here, we report that AMPH induces a relatively large amount of TNF in vitro and in vivo when combined with other macrophage stimulators.C3H/HeN mice were obtained from Shizuoka Experimental Animal Corporation, Hamamatsu, Japan. Deoxycholatefree AMPH supplied from Bristol-Myers Squibb K. K., Tokyo, Japan, was used unless indicated otherwise. AMPH was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and final concentrations of DMSO in culture media were less than 0.05%. Endotoxin contamination of all tested AMPH preparations except AMPH as Fungizone (Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.) was estimated to be less than 15 pg/i ,ug of AMPH by a Limulus assay (Endospecy; Seikagaku Industrial Co., Tokyo, Japan). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0127:B8 was purchased from Difco Laboratories. A streptococcal preparation, OK432, was kindly supplied by Chugai Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan. Antitumor mannoglucan polyalcohol (MGA) was supplied by Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. Fetal calf serum, in which contaminating endotoxin was present at less than 3 pg/ml, was purchased from Hyclone Co., Logan, Utah.Male C3H/HeN mice (6 weeks old) were injected intraperitoneally with 3 ml of 3% thioglycolate. Four days later, peritoneal cells were collected, washed twice with RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, and adjusted to 1.0 x 106 cells per ml in the same medium. They were seeded into flat-bottom microtiter plates (2 x 105 cells per well) and incubated for 2 h in a 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C, and nonadherent cells were removed. The monolayers, which consisted of macrophages (>95%) (9), were incubated in the presence of several concentrations of AMPH for 1 h and were then restimulated by the addition of * Corresponding author. LPS or OK432 for an additional 2 h. The viabilities of the macrophages, which were checked by the trypan blue dye exclusion test, were always greater than 95% before stimulation, and AMPH at a concentration of less than 5 ,ug/ml did not affected viability. The culture supernatants of each well were collected and were used immediately for the TNF assay. The TNF activi...

Effects of MS-8209, an Amphotericin B Derivative, on Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Synthesis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Macrophages

“…These results obtained with AmB derivatives are consistent with previously published data showing an increase in TNF-␣ synthesis after exposure of murine and human macrophages to AmB (10,15,17) and TNF-␣-induced enhancement of HIV replication (19). Like AmB, its derivatives may have contrasting effects on the cell population studied, i.e., macrophages or T cells (4).…”

“…MS-8209 exerts its antiviral action by inhibiting HIV entry into cells after CD4-gp120 interactions (13). AmB provokes marked overexpression of TNF-␣ in murine and human macrophages (10,15,17). In view of the deleterious effects of TNF-␣ on HIV replication, it was therefore of interest to investigate the possible effects of MS-8209 on TNF-␣ synthesis and HIV replication in macrophages.…”

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice Devoid of Tumor Necrosis Factor and Response to Treatment

“…Thus, the reported capacity of these two agents to induce macrophage secretion of TNF in vitro (32,37) does not appear central to their antileishmanial action in vivo.…”

“…First, gamma interferon (IFN-␥), another pivotal endogenous antileishmanial cytokine (13,31) is required for the in vivo expression of Sb's leishmanicidal action (16) and is closely intertwined with TNF in inflammatory events including macrophage activation and the generation of toxic intermediates for L. donovani killing (2,11,24,25,28,30,34). Second, both Sb and AmB (as well as miltefosine, a new antileishmanial agent [15,29] stimulate mononuclear phagocytes to secrete TNF (10,32,37), raising the possibility that induced TNF may act along with or enhance the local drug effect. To answer this question about endogenous TNF, we turned to well-characterized TNF KO mice (8,12) for an in vivo test environment strictly free of the cytokine and characterized the host reaction and the behavior of visceral L. donovani in the absence of TNF and then the response to treatment.…”

Roles of Endogenous Gamma Interferon and Macrophage Microbicidal Mechanisms in Host Response to Chemotherapy in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis

“…AmB has well-recognized intrinsic immunomodulatory actions (5,8,25,43,47) which may mediate some of its intracellular antifungal effects (10,25,46). Such actions include stimulation of cytokine gene expression and/or release (3,28,41,49) and, in conjunction with IFN-␥, enhancement of iNOS induction and/or ROI production by macrophages (10,46). Our results obtained with L. donovani suggest that neither of the latter two mechanisms nor the presence of IFN-␥ is required for AmB's in vivo intracellular activity, albeit toward a protozoan rather than a pathogenic fungus.…”