“…One could consider the three imputation categories outlined by Zhang [2] as an optimization problem. The bio-inspired algorithms were extensively tested in the iterative imputation category for their balance of accuracy, development time and computing power.It is important to note that the majority of approaches to imputation of missing values involve bioinspired algorithms, machine learning algorithms for healthcare [3,4], ontology datasets for language processing [5], wireless communications [6], cognitive eye tracking systems [7].Although these algorithms are usually used to increase the intersection or to help with parameter adjustment instead of predicting the data themselves [8,9].…”