Audible and Annoying Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions: A Case Study

Penner, M. J.

doi:10.1001/archotol.1988.01860140048019

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“… 34 SOAEs are usually inaudible, but they can become audible due to instability. 35 These atypical SOAEs are much more prevalent in the higher frequency range and can appear at sound pressure levels up to 55 dB SPL in the ear canal. 36 Tinnitus due to SOAEs is mild and is more common in subjects with normal hearing and in those with only middle ear disorders.…”

Section: Causes and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Han¹,

Lee

Kim³

et al. 2009

J Clin Neurol

238

154

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Tinnitus-the perception of sound in the absence of an actual external sound-represents a symptom of an underlying condition rather than a single disease. Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying tinnitus. Tinnitus generators are theoretically located in the auditory pathway, and such generators and various mechanisms occurring in the peripheral auditory system have been explained in terms of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, edge theory, and discordant theory. Those present in the central auditory system have been explained in terms of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the auditory plasticity theory, the crosstalk theory, the somatosensory system, and the limbic and autonomic nervous systems. Treatments for tinnitus include pharmacotherapy, cognitive and behavioral therapy, sound therapy, music therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, massage and stretching, and electrical suppression. This paper reviews the characteristics, causes, mechanisms, and treatments of tinnitus.

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Section: Causes and Pathophysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Han¹,

Lee

Kim³

et al. 2009

J Clin Neurol

238

154

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“…When Kemp [1] first described the exis tence of otoacoustic emissions in 1978, their relevance was mainly seen for the further investigation of tinnitus [2][3][4][5][6][7], However, in later years their importance for auditory screening became obvious [8][9][10][11][12]. These days it is known that evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE) are not present in ears with either a conductive or inner ear hearing loss of more than 30-35 dB [13][14][15], However, people with retrocochlear lesions do show EOAE.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Children in Relation to Middle Ear Impedance

Pröschel

Eysholdt²

1993

Folia Phoniatr Logop

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The influence of changes in middle ear impedance with and without serotympanon on the measurement of evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAE) was investigated in 108 children between 3 and 12 years of age. Children with proven serotympanon never showed good EOAE. In those who only had changes in middle ear impedance without a serotympanon, the decrease in EOAE amplitude was more related to the magnitude of conductive hearing loss than to the change in impedance itself. These results are compared with those of a neonatal screening project in which some of the 532 healthy full-term newborns showed poor emissions in the first days of life. It seems reasonable to assume that this is due to incomplete pneumatization of the middle ears of these children, especially as a control audiogram later in their lives showed normal hearing thresholds.

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“…However, ChatGPT did not state that fact, mentioning only evoked OAEs and not giving any indication about different types of OAEs. There are some reports of spontaneous OAEs that have the same frequency as the subject’s tinnitus [19], and this is highly relevant. However during session 1, the response only said, “For instance, individuals with tinnitus that is predominantly tonal might exhibit different OAE patterns compared to those with non-tonal tinnitus.” This is too general and needs further detail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ChatGPT for tinnitus information and support: response accuracy and retest after three months

Jedrzejczak,

Skarzynski,

Raj-Koziak

et al. 2023

Preprint

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BackgroundChatGPT – a conversational tool based on artificial intelligence – has recently been tested on a range of topics. However most of the testing has involved broad domains of knowledge. Here we test ChatGPT’s knowledge of tinnitus, an important but specialized aspect of audiology and otolaryngology. Testing involved evaluating ChatGPT’s answers to a defined set of 10 questions on tinnitus. Furthermore, given the technology is advancing quickly, we re-evaluated the responses to the same 10 questions 3 months later.Material and methodChatGPT (free version 3.5) was asked 10 questions on tinnitus at two points of time – August 2023 and November 2023. The accuracy of the responses was rated by 6 experts using a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. The number of words in each response was also counted, and responses were specifically examined for whether references were provided or whether consultation with a specialist was suggested.ResultsMost of ChatGPT’s responses were rated as satisfactory or better. However, we did detect a few instances where the responses were not accurate and might be considered somewhat misleading. The responses from ChatGPT were quite long (averaging over 400 words) and they occasionally tended to stray off-topic. No solid references to sources of information were ever supplied, and when references were specifically asked for the sources were artificial. For most responses consultation with a specialist was suggested. It is worth noting that after 3 months the responses generally improved.ConclusionsChatGPT provided surprisingly good responses, given that the questions were quite specific. Although no potentially harmful errors were identified, some mistakes could be seen as somewhat misleading. No solid references were ever supplied. ChatGPT shows great potential if further developed by experts in specific areas, but for now it is not yet ready for serious application.

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Audible and Annoying Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions: A Case Study

Cited by 29 publications

References 15 publications

Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Tinnitus: Characteristics, Causes, Mechanisms, and Treatments

Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Children in Relation to Middle Ear Impedance

ChatGPT for tinnitus information and support: response accuracy and retest after three months

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