Au/Pd core–shell nanoparticles for enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability

Hsu, Chiajen; Huang, Chih Hsuan; Hao, Yaowu; Liu, Fuqiang

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2012.07.027

Cited by 75 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The very weak Pd signal in the XRD pattern is attributed to the highly dispersed Pd nanocrystallites embedded at the Au surface (shown in the TEM images in Figure 2). There is no identifiable Cu signal in the spectra, suggesting that Cu has been completely replaced by the Pd shell, which confirms our previous study [24]. Besides, Figure 1b displays the Pd 3 d core-level XPS spectra of the Au/Pd NPs and Pd black.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Pt mesh and normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) were used as the counter electrode and reference electrode, respectively. Preparation of catalyst inks and rotating disk electrodes followed the procedure described in our previous work [18,24]. Typically, 15 mg of catalysts was mixed with 12 ml of distilled water and 4.4 ml of 5 wt.% Nafion (Ion Power Inc., Newcastle, DE, USA) and then dried under an IR lamp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Pd and Pd-based materials have attracted a lot of attention due to their superior catalytic activities on formic acid oxidation (FAO) [1-11] in direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) [12-19]. These Pd-based catalysts are synthesized in different structures such as bimetallic alloys [20-23], nanodendrites [23], core-shell [24,25], and nanoneedle [26] through the geometric and electronic effects, the most well-known factors [27] that affect the catalytic reactions and usually work jointly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have developed a unique electrodeposition method to synthesize the Au/Pd core-shell NPs by coating Pd on the surface of hollow Au nanospheres [24]. In this paper, we aim to investigate the impact of the Au support, whose structure has been tuned systemically by adjusting the concentration of the Au solution, on the catalytic ability of the Pd layer toward FAO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with varied hollow Au cores for enhanced formic acid oxidation

et al. 2013

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A facile method has been developed to synthesize Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles via galvanic replacement of Cu by Pd on hollow Au nanospheres. The unique nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. When the concentration of the Au solution was decreased, grain size of the polycrystalline hollow Au nanospheres was reduced, and the structures became highly porous. After the Pd shell formed on these Au nanospheres, the morphology and structure of the Au/Pd nanoparticles varied and hence significantly affected the catalytic properties. The Au/Pd nanoparticles synthesized with reduced Au concentrations showed higher formic acid oxidation activity (0.93 mA cm-2 at 0.3 V) than the commercial Pd black (0.85 mA cm-2 at 0.3 V), suggesting a promising candidate as fuel cell catalysts. In addition, the Au/Pd nanoparticles displayed lower CO-stripping potential, improved stability, and higher durability compared to the Pd black due to their unique core-shell structures tuned by Au core morphologies.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with varied hollow Au cores for enhanced formic acid oxidation

et al. 2013

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“…[2][3][4][5] For Pd-based catalysts, the ECSA is usually calculated by the charge involved in the reduction of a PdO monolayer. [6][7][8] The main concern about using the ECSA for multi-metallic catalysts calculated by these methods lies on the fact that the metal lattice parameter suffers intense modifications when an additional element is inserted into its structure. 9,10 In this context, the estimation of ECSA by stripping of CO rises as an alternative method for multi-metallic catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Time-Dependent Performance of Nanocatalysts in Fuel Cells Based on a Cost-Normalization Approach

Zanata¹,

Fernández²,

Santos³

et al. 2016

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Researchers have developed new catalysts for fuel cells (FC), whose performances are compared after applying different normalization procedures. However, there is not a standard procedure. The current produced from CO electrooxidation was compared for Pt 4 Ru 5 Sn 1 /C and homemade Pt/C nanoparticles (NPs) normalized by different methods and the use of different methods renders different interpretations. Since the whole field aims to maximize the cost-effectiveness, a complementary method to normalize currents and power in terms of the total cost of the nanocatalyst, the Catalyst-based Cost method (CbC), was proposed. CbC considers the cost of all metals employed to build the catalyst, not only those ones with available surfaces. By applying a simple smoothing method on the prices in a time series, we were able to forecast the prices and consequently the power density of a FC. CbC provides tools for industrials forecast the designing of nanomaterials with improved efficiency and low cost.Keywords: fuel cell, catalyst, normalization of current and power, cost of metal, forecasting activity IntroductionThe continuous growth of the energy demand opened a wide field of research for energy converters, among which fuel cells have been exhaustively studied. Fuel cells can produce energy with low environmental impact since they generate power by the oxidation of a fuel at the anode and reduction of O 2 at the cathode. Fuel cells can be fed by H 2 or small alcohols, as methanol and ethanol. The catalysts, both anodes and cathodes, are mainly based on Pt, which is historically an expensive material.1 This is the main reason why many efforts have been made to replace Pt (at least partially) in catalysts used in fuel cells.When a new nanoparticle catalyst is produced, the normalization of the electrochemical current generated by its use is imperative in electrocatalysis, since this procedure allows distinct surfaces to be directly compared for a given reaction in terms of their intrinsic electroactivities. In this context, different normalization methods generate multiple interpretations about the activity of a catalyst. This lack of consensus hinders the comparison of different materials in terms of their electrochemical performances and generates impasses that prevent a faster development of the research area.A method commonly used consists in normalizing the currents by the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), which is highly useful but not easily accessed for many materials. For Pt-based catalysts (as PtRu/C Zanata et al. 1981 Vol. 27, No. 11, 2016 and PtRuSn/C) the ECSA is sometimes estimated by the charge involved in the H desorption region.2-5 For Pd-based catalysts, the ECSA is usually calculated by the charge involved in the reduction of a PdO monolayer. [6][7][8] The main concern about using the ECSA for multi-metallic catalysts calculated by these methods lies on the fact that the metal lattice parameter suffers intense modifications when an additional element is inserted into its structure. 9,10 In t...

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From Galvanic to Anti‐Galvanic Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Applications in Catalysis, Sensing, and Materials Science

Liu

Astruc

2017

Advanced Materials

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The properties of two alloyed metals have been known since the Bronze Age to outperform those of a single metal. How alloying and mixing metals applies to the nanoworld is now attracting considerable attention. The galvanic process, which is more than two centuries old and involves the reduction of a noble-metal cation by a less noble metal, has not only been used in technological processes, but also in the design of nanomaterials for the synthesis of bimetallic transition-metal nanoparticles. The background and nanoscience applications of the galvanic reactions (GRs) are reviewed here, in particular with emphasis on recent progress in bimetallic catalysis. Very recently, new reactions have been discovered with nanomaterials that contradict the galvanic principle, and these reactions, called anti-galvanic reactions (AGRs), are now attracting much interest for their mechanistic, synthetic, catalytic, and sensor aspects. The second part of the review deals with these AGRs and compares GRs and AGRs, including the intriguing AGRs mechanism and the first applications.

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Au/Pd core–shell nanoparticles for enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability

Cited by 75 publications

References 27 publications

Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with varied hollow Au cores for enhanced formic acid oxidation

Au/Pd core-shell nanoparticles with varied hollow Au cores for enhanced formic acid oxidation

Estimating the Time-Dependent Performance of Nanocatalysts in Fuel Cells Based on a Cost-Normalization Approach

From Galvanic to Anti‐Galvanic Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Applications in Catalysis, Sensing, and Materials Science

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