Atypical Synergisticα1- andβ-Adrenergic Regulation of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Guanosine 3′,5′- Monophosphate in Rat Pinealocytes

Vanĕcek, J; Sugden, David; Weller, Joan L.; Klein, David C.

doi:10.1210/endo-116-6-2167

Cited by 256 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The transsynaptic mechanism controlling expression of the selected lncSNs was studied using in vivo and in vitro experimental designs focused on NE (25,29,(33)(34)(35)(36). Injection of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol during the day elevated lncSN001 and lncSN016 transcripts (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian changes in long noncoding RNAs in the pineal gland

Coon

Munson

Cherukuri

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a broad range of biological roles, including regulation of expression of genes and chromosomes. Here, we present evidence that lncRNAs are involved in vertebrate circadian biology. Differential night/day expression of 112 lncRNAs (0.3 to >50 kb) occurs in the rat pineal gland, which is the source of melatonin, the hormone of the night. Approximately one-half of these changes reflect nocturnal increases. Studies of eight lncRNAs with 2-to >100-fold daily rhythms indicate that, in most cases, the change results from neural stimulation from the central circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (doubling time = 0.5-1.3 h). Light exposure at night rapidly reverses (halving time = 9-32 min) levels of some of these lncRNAs. Organ culture studies indicate that expression of these lncRNAs is regulated by norepinephrine acting through cAMP. These findings point to a dynamic role of lncRNAs in the circadian system.RNA sequencing | neuroendocrine regulation | differential expression | chronobiology

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian changes in long noncoding RNAs in the pineal gland

Coon

Munson

Cherukuri

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Increases in pineal intracellular cAMP caused by activation of ␤-adrenergic receptors are greatly enhanced by costimulation of ␣ 1 -adrenergic receptors (Vanecek et al, 1985). Because activation of ␣1-adrenergic receptors increases intracellular Ca 2ϩ , this cAMP increase is very probably caused by synergistic stimulation of AC1 by Ca 2ϩ and ␤-adrenergic receptors (Wayman et al, 1994).…”

Section: Ac1 Is the Gatekeeper For Pineal Melatonin Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Calmodulin-Regulated Adenylyl Cyclases: Cross-Talk and Plasticity in the Central Nervous System

2003

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Gene disruption studies have shown that the Ca 2ϩ -stimulated adenylyl cyclases, AC1 and AC8, are critical for some forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation as well as long-term memory formation (LTM). It is hypothesized that these enzymes are required for LTM to support the increased expression of a family of genes regulated through the cAMP/ Ca 2ϩ response element-binding protein/cAMP response element transcriptional pathway. In contrast to AC1 and AC8, AC3 is a Ca 2ϩ -inhibited adenylyl cyclase that plays an essential role in olfactory signal transduction. Coupling of odorant receptors to AC3 stimulates cAMP transients that function as the major second messenger for olfactory signaling. These cAMP transients are caused, at least in part, by Ca 2ϩ inhibition of AC3, which is mediated through calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The unique structure and regulatory properties of these adenylyl cyclases make them attractive drug target sites for modulation of a number of physiological processes including memory formation and olfaction.Cross-talk between the cAMP signal transduction system and other signaling pathways is important for several forms of neuroplasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory formation. The Ca 2ϩ -regulated adenylyl cyclases are important for adaptive changes in neurons because they provide a critical linkage between Ca 2ϩ and cAMP signaling. This review focuses on the physiological roles of three Ca 2ϩ -regulated adenylyl cyclases, AC1, AC3, and AC8. AC1 and AC8 are Ca 2ϩ /CaM-stimulated enzymes, whereas Ca 2ϩ inhibits AC3. Gene disruption studies have revealed that these enzymes play critical roles in several physiological processes, including olfaction, development of the sensory motor cortex, and hippocampus-dependent memory formation. Distribution and Regulatory Properties of AC1

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“…NE controls melatonin production by regulating the activity of the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), EC 2.3.1.87) (3). The second messengers involved are cAMP and Ca 2ϩ i (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The importance of transcriptional events in the regulation of AA-NAT activity varies remarkably on a species-to-species basis (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Rat Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase Gene Promoter

Baler

Covington

Klein

1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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A 10 -100-fold rhythm in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT; EC 2.3.1.87) controls the rhythm in melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland. In some mammals, including the rat, the high nocturnal level of AA-NAT activity is preceded by an ϳ100-fold increase in AA-NAT mRNA. The increase in AA-NAT mRNA is generated by norepinephrine acting through a cAMP mechanism. Indirect evidence has suggested that cAMP enhances AA-NAT gene expression by stimulating phosphorylation of a DNA-binding protein (cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein) bound to a CRE. The nature of the sites involved in cAMP activation was investigated in this report by analyzing the AA-NAT promoter. An ϳ3700-base pair fragment of the 5-flanking region of the rat AA-NAT gene was isolated, and the major transcription start points were mapped. The results of deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis indicate that cAMP activation requires a CRE⅐CCAAT complex consisting of a near-perfect CRE and an inverted CCAAT box located within two helical turns.The rhythmic nocturnal increase in plasma levels of melatonin (1) in mammals is due to norepinephrine (NE) 1 stimulation of melatonin production in the pineal gland. NE release is regulated by the endogenous circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (2), which is connected to the pineal gland by a multisynaptic pathway. NE controls melatonin production by regulating the activity of the penultimate enzyme in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AA-NAT), EC 2.3.1.87) (3). The second messengers involved are cAMP and Ca 2ϩ i (3-7). The importance of transcriptional events in the regulation of AA-NAT activity varies remarkably on a species-to-species basis (8). An absolute requirement for de novo transcription is most evident in the rat (8, 9), where an ϳ100-fold increase in AA-NAT mRNA is required for the ϳ100-fold increase in AA-NAT activity to occur. The mechanism involved in turning on expression of the AA-NAT gene does not require de novo protein synthesis (9). Rather, it appears to be initiated by cAMPdependent phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) (10) or another member of this growing family (11,12).The molecular basis of cAMP stimulation of expression of the rat AA-NAT gene has not yet been investigated at the level of the promoter, and it is not known whether cAMP acts directly or indirectly on the AA-NAT gene. Here we describe the isolation of the rat AA-NAT promoter region and report the results of a functional analysis focused on the question of NE-and cAMP-dependent activation. The results of this study indicate that cAMP can effect gene activation from the AA-NAT promoter. Furthermore, it appears that cAMP acts through a CRE⅐CCAAT complex, which consists of a near-perfect CRE located within two helical turns of an inverted CCAAT box. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESLigation-mediated PCR-AA-NAT promoter sequences were identified using the Promoter Finder™ DNA Walkin...

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Atypical Synergisticα₁- andβ-Adrenergic Regulation of Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Guanosine 3′,5′- Monophosphate in Rat Pinealocytes

Cited by 256 publications

References 16 publications

Circadian changes in long noncoding RNAs in the pineal gland

Circadian changes in long noncoding RNAs in the pineal gland

Calmodulin-Regulated Adenylyl Cyclases: Cross-Talk and Plasticity in the Central Nervous System

The Rat Arylalkylamine N-Acetyltransferase Gene Promoter

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