Atypical Porcine Pestiviruses: Relationships and Conserved Structural Features

Riedel, Christiane; Aitkenhead, H.; Omari, Kamel El; Rümenapf, Till

doi:10.3390/v13050760

Cited by 8 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(144 reference statements)

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“…It has been shown that viruses carrying a monomeric E rns were attenuated in vivo [62], but their replication was not affected in vitro [63]. In contrast to previous interpretations [64], two of the pestiviruses isolated so far, i.e., APPV and Bat pestiviruses, naturally lack homodimeric E rns based on the absence of the ninth cysteine. In our enzymatic assays, the E rns of these two viruses were not performing particularly differently from the other E rns proteins.…”

Section: E Rns Dimerizationmentioning

confidence: 78%

Fifty Shades of Erns: Innate Immune Evasion by the Viral Endonucleases of All Pestivirus Species

Martin

Schweizer

2022

Viruses

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The genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, includes four historically accepted species, i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-1 and -2, classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV). A large number of new pestivirus species were identified in recent years. A common feature of most members is the presence of two unique proteins, Npro and Erns, that pestiviruses evolved to regulate the host’s innate immune response. In addition to its function as a structural envelope glycoprotein, Erns is also released in the extracellular space, where it is endocytosed by neighboring cells. As an endoribonuclease, Erns is able to cleave viral ss- and dsRNAs, thus preventing the stimulation of the host’s interferon (IFN) response. Here, we characterize the basic features of soluble Erns of a large variety of classified and unassigned pestiviruses that have not yet been described. Its ability to form homodimers, its RNase activity, and the ability to inhibit dsRNA-induced IFN synthesis were investigated. Overall, we found large differences between the various Erns proteins that cannot be predicted solely based on their primary amino acid sequences, and that might be the consequence of different virus-host co-evolution histories. This provides valuable information to delineate the structure-function relationship of pestiviral endoribonucleases.

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Section: E Rns Dimerizationmentioning

confidence: 78%

Fifty Shades of Erns: Innate Immune Evasion by the Viral Endonucleases of All Pestivirus Species

Martin

Schweizer

2022

Viruses

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“…Genetic sequencing of the DNA in the samples demonstrated the presence of Pestiviruses Aydin/04 and Burdur/05 , which were new variants of BDV [ 10 ]. There has been recorded evidence of cross-reactivity between other pestiviruses of importance to livestock, including BDV and APP, rendering diagnosis a challenge [ 33 , 34 ]. Cross-reactivity between BDV and BVDV has been reported to be a potential impediment in surveillance and diagnosis [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of antibody and antigen cross-reaction in Kenyan dairy cattle naturally infected with two pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are important pathogens of cattle and pigs, respectively, and belong to the genus Pestivirus. As CSFV has been shown to infect cattle, it can create diagnostic challenges of BVDV results through possible cross-reactivity where cattle could be exposed to pigs and CSFV. This study aimed to determine the possible cross-reactivity of BVDV and CSFV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results for antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) among smallholder dairy cattle in Kenya. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on a single visit to farms to collect serum samples and other descriptive farm-level and animal-level information. Testing for BVDV Ag and Ab was conducted on serum samples from 320 dairy cows and heifers, with CSFV Ag and Ab testing conducted on a subset of 133 and 74 serum samples, respectively. CSFV testing was based on BVDV test results and the availability of enough sample volume from farms that kept pigs. The Ag and Ab tests utilized IDEXX ELISA for both BVDV and CSFV. Results: For the 74 samples with Ab tests for both viruses, 40 (54.0%) were BVDV Ab positive, while 63 (85.1%) were CSFV Ab positive. Of the 40 BVDV Ab positive samples, 36 cattle (90.0%) tested positive for CSFV Ab. However, of the 34 BVDV Ab negative samples, 27 (79.4%) were CSFV Ab test-positive. For the 133 samples with Ag tests for both viruses, 125 (94.0%) were BVDV Ag positive, while 2 (1.5%) samples were CSFV Ag positive. None of the eight BVDV Ag negative samples was positive for CSFV Ag and only two (1.6%) of the 125 BVDV Ag positive samples were positive for CSFV Ag. Conclusion: The results indicate either substantial cross-reactivity of the two Ab ELISA tests, or reactivity with some other protein in the samples that led to the positive Ab test results. There was only limited evidence for cross-reactivity of the two Ag ELISA tests. We recommend that Pestivirus genus cross-reactivity be considered when interpreting BVDV ELISA results in cattle, more for Ab than Ag tests. Further research is needed to clarify the levels of cross-reactivity between BVDV and other Pestivirus Ag and Ab tests from animals on mixed-species farms.

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“…Later, an experimental inoculation study conducted in pregnant sows demonstrated that APPV was associated with congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn pigs (Arruda et al, 2016). So far, APPV-associated CT has been reported in multiple continents, including Europe, America, and Asia (Riedel et al, 2021). Due to the lack of proofreading exonuclease activity of RNA polymerase, APPV strains worldwide have genetically high sequence variability (Postel et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the lack of proofreading exonuclease activity of RNA polymerase, APPV strains worldwide have genetically high sequence variability (Postel et al, 2017). Unsurprisingly, the highest diversity of APPVs to date was detected in China, which is an important pig-raising and pig-trading country (Riedel et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This approach has been accepted in studying the evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses and other RNA viruses from animals (Su et al, 2015;Sun et al, 2019). So far, some aspects of epidemiology in APPV have been studied intensively (Dall Agnol et al, 2020;Riedel et al, 2021). However, owing to a lack of sequence data, a few studies focus on the timescale and evolutionary dynamic of APPV.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Diversity and Spatiotemporally Evolutionary Dynamic of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in China

Li²,

Zhang³

et al. 2022

Front. Microbiol.

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The presence of congenital tremor (CT) type A-II in newborn piglets, caused by atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), has been a focus since 2016. However, the source, evolutionary history, and transmission pattern of APPV in China remain poorly understood. In this study, we undertook phylogenetic analyses based on available complete E2 gene sequences along with 98 newly sequenced E2 genes between 2016 and 2020 in China within the context of global genetic diversity. The phylogenies revealed four distinct lineages of APPV, and interestingly, all lineages could be detected in China with the greatest diversity. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses showed that the E2 gene evolves at a mean rate of 1.22 × 10−3 (8.54 × 10−4-1.60 × 10−3) substitutions/site/year. The most recent common ancestor for APPVs is dated to 1886 (1837–1924) CE, somewhat earlier than the documented emergence of CT (1922 CE). Our phylogeographic analyses suggested that the APPV population possibly originated in the Netherlands, a country with developed livestock husbandry, and was introduced into China during the period 1837–2010. Guangdong, as a primary seeding population together with Central and Southwest China as epidemic linkers, was responsible for the dispersal of APPVs in China. The transmission pattern of “China lineages” (lineage 3 and lineage 4) presented a “south to north” movement tendency, which was likely associated with the implementation of strict environmental policy in China since 2000. Reconstruction of demographic history showed that APPV population size experienced multiple changes, which correlated well with the dynamic of the number of pigs in the past decades in China. Besides, positively selected pressure and geography-driven adaptation were supposed to be key factors for the diversification of APPV lineages. Our findings provide comprehensive insights into the diversity and spatiotemporal dynamic of APPV in China.

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Atypical Porcine Pestiviruses: Relationships and Conserved Structural Features

Cited by 8 publications

References 107 publications

Fifty Shades of Erns: Innate Immune Evasion by the Viral Endonucleases of All Pestivirus Species

Fifty Shades of Erns: Innate Immune Evasion by the Viral Endonucleases of All Pestivirus Species

Evaluation of antibody and antigen cross-reaction in Kenyan dairy cattle naturally infected with two pestiviruses: Bovine viral diarrhea virus and classical swine fever virus

The Diversity and Spatiotemporally Evolutionary Dynamic of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in China

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