“…This increased risk has a genetic basis as demonstrated by twin, adoption, cross-fostering, and pedigree analysis studies (Cloninger, et al, 1981; Merikangas, 1990; Reich, et al, 1998; Slutske, et al, 2002), and is associated with a phenotypic pattern of “behavioral undercontrol” characterized by increased sensation seeking, risk-taking, aggressiveness, and antisocial behaviors (Sher, et al, 2004; Sher and Trull, 1994; Tarter, et al, 2003). Likewise, FH+ individuals show deficits in executive functioning, impulse control, decision-making, and attention (Acheson, et al, 2011a; Acheson, et al, 2011b; Corral, et al, 2003; Deckel, 1999; Lovallo, et al, 2006; Stevens, et al, 2003) and altered activity in frontocortical and frontostriatal regions (Acheson, et al, 2009; Cservenka, et al, 2012; Glahn, et al, 2007; Heitzeg, et al, 2010; Schweinsburg, et al, 2004; Silveri, et al, 2011). These findings suggest FH+ individuals have impairments in frontocortical and frontostriatal functioning, although specific mechanisms underlying this impairment and as well as potential relationships to risk for substance use disorders remain elusive.…”