Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies, France, 2001–2007

Biacabe, Anne-Gaëlle; Morignat, Eric; Vulin, Johann; Calavas, Didier; Baron, Thierry

doi:10.3201/eid1402.071141

Cited by 92 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This active and systematic surveillance has brought to light the existence of variant molecular signatures and thus potentially new strains, distinct from BSE. These have been detected in rare cases of aged cattle, a low prevalence consistent with the possibility of sporadic forms of TSE in cattle [28]. In addition to the L-type group already mentioned (see Sect.…”

Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlesupporting

confidence: 60%

“…In addition to the L-type group already mentioned (see Sect. 3.3.2), which has been identified in France [28], Italy [47], Germany [42] and Poland [151], a second group termed H-type has been found. Its PrP res signature is characterized by protease-resistant fragments of an increased size and a different glycopattern as compared to BSE [27].…”

Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlementioning

confidence: 92%

“…Its PrP res signature is characterized by protease-resistant fragments of an increased size and a different glycopattern as compared to BSE [27]. Cases have been found so far in France [28], Great Britain [192], Germany [42], the Netherlands [100], USA [164], Sweden [77] and Switzerland (in a zebu, [177]). Like L-type, H-type is transmissible to mice transgenic for bovine PrP, thus establishing its infectious nature [20].…”

Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Prion agent diversity and species barrier

2008

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-Mammalian prions are the infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), a group of fatal, neurodegenerative diseases, affecting both domestic animals and humans. The most widely accepted view to date is that these agents lack a nucleic acid genome and consist primarily of PrP Sc , a misfolded, aggregated form of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP C ) that propagates by autocatalytic conversion and accumulates mainly in the brain. The BSE epizooty, allied with the emergence of its human counterpart, variant CJD, has focused much attention on two characteristics that prions share with conventional infectious agents. First, the existence of multiple prion strains that impose, after inoculation in the same host, specific and stable phenotypic traits such as incubation period, molecular pattern of PrP Sc and neuropathology. Prion strains are thought to be enciphered within distinct PrP Sc conformers. Second, a transmission barrier exists that restricts the propagation of prions between different species. Here we discuss the possible situations resulting from the confrontation between species barrier and prion strain diversity, the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential of interspecies transmission of animal prions, including recently discovered forms of TSE in ruminants.prion / strain / misfolding / species barrier / PrP Table of Mammalian prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) form a group of related, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders of both animals and humans. The brain pathology consists of spongiosis, astrocytosis, neuronal loss and neural tissue from affected individuals contains an infectious agent, the prion, setting these diseases apart from other neurodegenerative diseases. Prion replication is thought to involve in essence the self-perpetuating conversion of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP C ) into a misfolded form (PrP Sc ) that tends to aggregate and may be neurotoxic (for reviews [1,157]). Prion replication may also occur in lymphoid tissues but is there poorly if not pathogenic (for review [126], [133]). PrP C is a protein with two variably occupied glycosylation sites. It is attached at the outer of the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Its secondary structure is rich in alpha-helix and the protein is likely to be in a monomeric state in mild detergents. While its precise physiological function has not been assigned, PrP C is essential for prion replication and neurotoxicity to occur [57,129]. Upon infection, PrP C is refolded -without apparent post-translational modification -into beta-sheet -rich PrP Sc , initially in the presence of exogenous PrP Sc and then by an autocatalytic process. It leads to the formation of aggregates, sometimes of amyloid type, that can be differentiated from PrP C because of their partial resistance to protease digestion and of their insolubility into non-denaturing detergents [153]. Proteinase K, the most commonly used protease, di...

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Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlesupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Diversity Of Tse Strains In Cattlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Prion agent diversity and species barrier

2008

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“…Up to the end of 2009 2 , 60 cases of BSE were detected in the European Union, that were born after the total feed ban of MBM in animal feed; at that date, the youngest case was born in 2005, 5 years after the ban. Furthermore, two atypical forms of BSE were detected at a very low prevalence (around one case per million cattle tested) (Biacabe et al, 2008). Those forms are probably not linked to the BSE epidemic and might remain present in the future, and at least one of them might be transmissible to Humans (Beringue et al, 2008).…”

Section: Modelling the Bse Epidemic And Assessing The Effect Of Contrmentioning

confidence: 99%

BSE risk and the use of meat and bone meal in the feed industry: perspectives in the context of relaxing control measures

Ducrot¹,

Paul

Calavas

2013

Nat. Sci. Soc.

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Plus de quinze ans nous séparent aujourd'hui de la crise de la vache folle, déflagration majeure qui ébranla plusieurs piliers de nos sociétés contemporaines : les rapports entre science, politique et intérêts économiques, les formes d'intensification des productions animales, la confiance dans les produits alimentaires. Pour la revue NSS qui se focalise sur les liens complexes entre natures, sciences et sociétés, cette crise fut emblématique. Cet article et le commentaire qu'il suscite permettent de saisir les tensions encore aujourd'hui profondes liées à la normalisation de cette crise. Plus de dix ans après l'interdiction totale des farines animales, mesure à caractère symbolique dont on peut douter de l'efficacité en termes de gestion des risques, la Commission européenne propose un plan visant à utiliser en alimentation animale des protéines d'animaux transformées (PAT). À n'en pas douter, elles sont très différentes des farines animales et, selon les experts, leur utilisation permettra d'économiser de précieuses ressources énergétiques et environnementales. Le consommateur et le citoyen devraient en percevoir les avantages. Et pourtant. Les incertitudes sur la mise en oeuvre du plan, les questions concernant l'effectivité des contrôles mais aussi la réaffirmation de la rationalité instrumentale qui gouverne les productions animales montrent que l'invention des PAT n'a rien d'évident. La RédactionAbstract -The paper presents an insight from epidemiology and geography on the BSE risk. The epidemic declined sharply following the ban of meat and bone meal in ruminant feed. BSE cases born after the ban and reinforced measures were due to cross-contamination between feed for monogastrics and feed for ruminants at the feed factory and on farms. Cross-contamination is difficult to control in the feed chain, particularly because contaminated material can infect cattle at very low doses. Designing separate feed processing lines or dedicating factories to ruminants is an efficient strategy, but is not economically feasible in the regions with low animal density. So, changes in control measures should target both the feed industry and farmers, and take into account the difficult economic context that limits the industry's ability to adopt the most effective solutions to prevent cross-contamination.Résumé -Risque ESB et utilisation des farines animales dans l'industrie de l'alimentation animale : perspectives dans le contexte d'assouplissement des mesures de contrôle. Cet article examine sous l'angle de l'épidémiologie et de la géographie la difficile gestion des farines animales en alimentation du bétail. Les études épidémiologiques ont montré une forte diminution du risque ESB suite aux différentes mesures d'interdiction des farines animales dans l'alimentation, mais aussi la persistance de cas dus à une exposition alimentaire liée aux contaminations croisées entre aliments pour monogastriques et aliments pour bovins à l'usine, pendant le transport ou en ferme. L'approche géographique a montré que l'industrie des ali...

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“…10 The ongoing, although drastically reduced, incidence of BSE likely reflects a spontaneous form of the disease known as atypical BSE. 11 While the efforts to control BSE have been successful, management of prion diseases in wild populations of animals is far more complex. CWD has been detected in free ranging cervids in 17 US states and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%