Attributes, Fabrication, and Applications of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Particles

Lin, Yiliang; Genzer, Jan; Dickey, Michael D.

doi:10.1002/advs.202000192

Cited by 272 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 196 publications

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“…It is possible to devise methods to overcome this limitation, by controlling the environment of the liquid, either by depositing in an inert environment or by encapsulating the liquid metal directly during deposition. This should open up new venues for metal liquid nanocapsules 27,28 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sacrificial gold coating enhances transport of liquid metal in pressurized fountain pen lithography

Livshits

Bao

Sakamoto

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Liquid metals have attracted attention as functional components for moldable electronics, such as soft flexible connectors, wires or conductive ink. The relatively high surface tension (> 400 mN m−1) and the fact that liquid metals do not readily wet ceramic or oxide surfaces have led to devising unique techniques to spread the liquid and mold its shape. These techniques include surface modification, electrowetting and vacuum filling of channels. This work presents an injection technique based on pressurized fountain pen lithography with glass nanopipettes developed to directly pattern liquid metal on flat hard substrates. The liquid metals were eutectic alloys of Gallium, including Gallium-Indium (EGaIn), Gallium-Indium-Zinc and Gallium-Indium-Tin. The nanopipettes were coated internally with gold, acting as a sacrificial layer and facilitating the wetting of the pipette down to its pore, with an inner diameter of ~ 100–300 nm. By applying hydrodynamic pressure to the connected end of the pipette, the metal was extruded through the pore, forming long continuous (> 3 mm) and narrow (~ 1–15 µm) metal lines on silicon oxide and gold surfaces at room temperature and ambient conditions. With this robust platform, it is possible to pattern liquid metals on a variety of substrates and geometries down to the micron range.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sacrificial gold coating enhances transport of liquid metal in pressurized fountain pen lithography

Livshits

Bao

Sakamoto

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…The soft electrode is the primary form of liquid metal in resistant and capacitive sensors. Moreover, there is ongoing research for more forms of liquid metal, for example, liquid metal particles are showing promise, possessing several notable attributes [ 128 , 129 ]. They are easily fabricated and have a unique metal-oxidation structure and the deformable ability to merge, self-healed, and transform, which enables their useful application in composites, soft electronics, and microfluidic, and so on.…”

Section: Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors

et al. 2020

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Biosensors are the core elements for obtaining significant physiological information from living organisms. To better sense life information, flexible biosensors and implantable sensors that are highly compatible with organisms are favored by researchers. Moreover, materials for preparing a new generation of flexible sensors have also received attention. Liquid metal is a liquid-state metallic material with a low melting point at or around room temperature. Owing to its high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, and superior fluidity, liquid metal is emerging as a highly desirable candidate in biosensors. This paper is dedicated to reviewing state-of-the-art applications in biosensors that are expounded from seven aspects, including pressure sensor, strain sensor, gas sensor, temperature sensor, electrical sensor, optical sensor, and multifunctional sensor, respectively. The fundamental scientific and technological challenges lying behind these recommendations are outlined. Finally, the perspective of liquid metal-based biosensors is present, which stimulates the upcoming design of biosensors.

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“…Classifying this oxide layer as semiconductor may be puzzling because of its wide bandgap of 4.5–4.9 eV. [ 131 ] However, this metal oxide may change its conductivity when it is exposed to both reductive and oxidative gases like NH 3 , CH 4 , and NO 2 ( Figure a). [ 132 ] Additionally, Ga 2 O 3 is also easy to be doped with other chemicals to reinforce its sensitivity.…”

Section: Recent Progresses In Soft Electronics Based On Liquid Conducmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Electronics Based on Liquid Conductors

Gui

Wang

2020

Adv Elect Materials

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Soft electronics is an emerging field that is lending great convenience to daily life. Soft electronics have shown great potentials in health monitoring, soft robotics, the Internet of Things, and so forth. Though soft electronics based on solid conductors have been intensively investigated and some considerable progress has been achieved, the intrinsic shortcomings of solid conductors are becoming the Achilles’ heel of soft electronics. Fortunately, many of the disadvantages of solid conductors can be offset by liquid conductors. Following the attractive advantages of liquid materials, in particular high flexibility, infinite deformability, self‐healing, and ease of doping/being doped, this review article summarizes a history of soft electronics based on liquid conductors and introduces the most up‐to‐date liquid conducting materials together with their representative featured functions. Particular applications in sensors, batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectric conversion, and even memory devices are discussed in detail to intuitively emphasize how liquid conductors benefit soft electronics. In addition, limitations of liquid conductors are also discussed, as well as the key challenges and some innovative strategies to overcome them. Finally, future perspectives are put forward to develop soft electronics that are fully composed of liquid circuits.

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Attributes, Fabrication, and Applications of Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Particles

Cited by 272 publications

References 196 publications

Sacrificial gold coating enhances transport of liquid metal in pressurized fountain pen lithography

Sacrificial gold coating enhances transport of liquid metal in pressurized fountain pen lithography

Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors

Soft Electronics Based on Liquid Conductors

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