“…content moderation on social media sites). In machine-learning-based methods, researchers mainly used linguistics and textual content (Zellers et al, 2019;Zhao et al, 2015;Wang, 2017;Shu et al, 2019), temporal spreading patterns , network structures Vo and Lee, 2018;You et al, 2019), users' feedbacks Shu et al, 2019) and multimodal signals (Gupta et al, 2013;Vo and Lee, 2020b). Recently, researchers focus on fact-checking claims based on evidence from different sources.…”