Attraction of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to Avocado, Lychee, and Essential Oil Lures

Kendra, Paul E.; Montgomery, Wayne S.; Niogret, Jérôme; Peña, Jorge E.; Capinera, John L.; Brar, Gurinder Singh; Epsky, Nancy D.; Heath, Robert R.

doi:10.1007/s10886-011-9998-0

Cited by 63 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…and Forst., Myrtaceae) and phoebe oil (extracted from the Brazilian walnut tree, Phoebe porosa Mex., Lauraceae) [14]. Field evaluations conducted in Florida found phoebe oil lures to be highly attractive to RAB, with a field life of 2 -3 months [15,16], but unfortunately phoebe oil is no longer available commercially. Manuka oil lures were found to be attractive initially, but the lures lost efficacy after 2 -3 weeks due to rapid loss of sesquiterpenes [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)

Niogret¹,

Epsky²,

Schnell³

et al. 2013

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Avocado is a commercially valuable fruit crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates throughout the world. Taxonomists recognize three horticultural races of avocado, consisting of Mexican (Persea americana var. drymifolia), Guatemalan (P. americana var. guatemalensis), and West Indian (P. americana var. americana) varieties. Published research that attempted to differentiate among the horticultural races by using leaf chemistry found that sesquiterpene content was only useful for discrimination of pure Mexican from Guatemalan and West Indian, but not to distinguish between Guatemalan and West Indian races. This study presents a sampling method for analysis of sesquiterpenes from avocado leaf, branch and trunk samples. Our results indicate that sesquiterpene content from leaves and small diameter branches (<2.5 cm) was highly variable; however, sesquiterpenes were much less variable within wood from larger diameter branches and trunk samples, providing information representative of avocado varietal differences. In addition to chemotaxonomic applications, information on sesquiterpene content of avocado wood is needed for identification of host-based attractants for a new avocado pest, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). This insect vectors a fungal pathogen that causes laurel wilt, a lethal vascular disease that currently threatens avocado production in south Florida, USA. Females of X. glabratus identify appropriate host trees based on emissions of terpenoids, particularly α-copaene. Our results are discussed in terms of how proximo-distal distributions of sesquiterpenes may function as host-location cues by this invasive wood-boring pest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)

Niogret¹,

Epsky²,

Schnell³

et al. 2013

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“…To date, 14 ambrosia beetle species have been detected on avocado, and the mycangial mycofloras of the most common species on avocado, redbay and swampbay have been assessed (33,34,64,82; Pena et al, unpublished; Ploetz et al, unpublished). Raffaelea lauricola has been isolated from eight ambrosia beetles, in addition to X. glabratus (34,130, Campbell et al, unpublished).…”

Section: Systemic and Lethal Damage Caused By An Ambrosia Beetle Symbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other trees in the Magnoliaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae and Sapindaceae were less attractive or not attractive to the insect (62, 111, 112). α-copaene was identified as an important semiochemical attractant in lauraceous hosts, as well as the non-host lychee (Litchi sinensis, Sapindaceae) in which the beetle did not establish (82,83,121). Avocado seems to be a less preferred host for X. glabratus than other members of the Lauraceae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

et al. 2013

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Diseases that are associated with ambrosia and bark beetles comprise some of the most significant problems that have emerged on trees in the last century. They are caused by fungi in the Ophiostomatales, Microascales and Hypocreales, and have vectors in the Scolytinae (ambrosia and bark beetles), Platypodinae (ambrosia beetles) and Hylesininae (bark beetles) subfamilies of the Curculionidae (Coleoptera) (73,102,144). Some of these problems, such as Dutch elm disease (DED), have a long history, have been extensively researched, and are fairly well understood (23,56,70,113,149,168,169). In contrast, other similar diseases developed recently and are poorly or partially understood (2,3,42,51,73,89,94,98,114,127,137,154,158, 164,165). Significant data gaps may exist for the ecology, epidemiology and management of the latter diseases.The emergence and unexpected importance of these tree diseases are discussed in thisarticle. An underlying factor in most of these interactions is the absence of a coevolved history between the so-called "naïve" or "new encounter" host trees and the pathogens and/or beetles (27,128,174). For the ambrosia beetles, these interactions are associated with susceptibility to what are typically benign fungi and atypical relationships with healthy trees (ambrosia beetles favor trees that are dead or stressed). Interestingly, the pathogens for both the ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases often have symbiotic relationships with the insects that are not based on phytopathogenicity. Some of the most alarming and damaging of these diseases are considered below as "black swan events" (155).Black Swans. Before 1697, improbable events and situations in Europe were known as "black swans" (at the time, all swans known to Europeans were white) (134). In that year, the black swan, Cygnus atratus, was discovered in Western Australia (38). Thereafter, "black swan" developed as a metaphor for a supposed impossibility that is contradicted with new information.For example, John Stuart Mill used black swan logical fallacy when identifying falsification, a key component in the scientific method (68).In a recent book, Taleb (155) developed Black Swan Theory (BST). Unlike the "black swan" to which Mill referred (68), BST focuses on unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence (155). Taleb (155) recognized such events in diverse fields including finance, history, science and technology. He suggested that black swan events: 1) have extreme impacts; 2) lie outside the realm of regular expectations (they are rare); and 3) are unpredictable.Although all ambrosia and bark beetle-associated diseases are not black swan events, several do fulfill the above criteria since they have large impacts, are uncommon surprises and are unpredictable (2,3,51,56,73,89,94,98,114,137,154,158, 164,165) (Table 1). They are typically understood and appreciated only with the benefit of hindsight and subsequent research.The Beetles and Beetle-associated Tree Diseases. The order Coleoptera contains more species than any other or...

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“…The ambrosia fungi did not evolve to be pathogenic, and the mechanisms underlying the diseases caused by these fungi are only beginning to be understood. One intriguing explanation is that tree death is not caused by virulence factors from the fungus, but by an exaggerated response of naive tree tissues to a novel threat, resulting in tree suicide [66,67]. This 'exaggerated response' hypothesis posits that tree hosts in the native range have evolved an appropriately mild immune response to non-pathogenic ambrosia fungi, but such fine-tuning of response has never occurred in regions lacking such fungi.…”

Section: Hypothetical Framework For Understanding Pathogenicity Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, the lethal effect to trees in both cases appears to be the tree's over-expressed expansion of walls in xylem vessels. This normally prevents a disease from spreading in a tree, except that in the cases of overreaction, tree kills itself ( [67], R. C. Ploetz & J. A. Smith 2010, personal communication).…”

Section: Hypothetical Framework For Understanding Pathogenicity Of Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems

2011

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Invasive symbioses between wood-boring insects and fungi are emerging as a new and currently uncontrollable threat to forest ecosystems, as well as fruit and timber industries throughout the world. The bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) constitute the large majority of these pests, and are accompanied by a diverse community of fungal symbionts. Increasingly, some invasive symbioses are shifting from non-pathogenic saprotrophy in native ranges to a prolific tree-killing in invaded ranges, and are causing significant damage. In this paper, we review the current understanding of invasive insect -fungus symbioses. We then ask why some symbioses that evolved as non-pathogenic saprotrophs, turn into major tree-killers in non-native regions. We argue that a purely pathology-centred view of the guild is not sufficient for explaining the lethal encounters between exotic symbionts and naive trees. Instead, we propose several testable hypotheses that, if correct, lead to the conclusion that the sudden emergence of pathogenicity is a new evolutionary phenomenon with global biogeographical dynamics. To date, evidence suggests that virulence of the symbioses in invaded ranges is often triggered when several factors coincide: (i) invasion into territories with naive trees, (ii) the ability of the fungus to either overcome resistance of the naive host or trigger a suicidal over-reaction, and (iii) an 'olfactory mismatch' in the insect whereby a subset of live trees is perceived as dead and suitable for colonization. We suggest that individual cases of tree mortality caused by invasive insect -fungus symbionts should no longer be studied separately, but in a global, biogeographically and phylogenetically explicit comparative framework.

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Attraction of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to Avocado, Lychee, and Essential Oil Lures

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems

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Attraction of the Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to Avocado, Lychee, and Essential Oil Lures

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (&lt;i&gt;Persea americana&lt;/i&gt; Mill.)

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (&lt;i&gt;Persea americana&lt;/i&gt; Mill.)

Destructive Tree Diseases Associated with Ambrosia and Bark Beetles: Black Swan Events in Tree Pathology?

The sudden emergence of pathogenicity in insect–fungus symbioses threatens naive forest ecosystems

Contact Info

Product

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Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)

Analysis of Sesquiterpene Distributions in the Leaves, Branches, and Trunks of Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> Mill.)