Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronics

Goulielmakis, Eleftherios; Yakovlev, Vladislav S.; Cavalieri, Adrian L.; Uiberacker, M.; Pervak, V.; Apolonski, Alexander; Kienberger, Reinhard; Kleineberg, Ulf; Krausz, Ferenc

doi:10.1126/science.1142855

Cited by 366 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is demonstrated, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard. [6]. Frequency comb generation naturally occurs in modelocked lasers whose emission spectrum constitutes an ''optical frequency ruler'' and consists of phase coherent modes with frequencies f m f CEO mf rep (where m is the number of the comb mode).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is demonstrated, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard. DOI Introduction.-Optical frequency combs [1,2] have become a powerful tool for high precision spectroscopy over the past decade and are moreover used for various applications such as broadband gas sensing [3], molecular fingerprinting [4], optical clocks [5], and attosecond physics [6]. Frequency comb generation naturally occurs in modelocked lasers whose emission spectrum constitutes an ''optical frequency ruler'' and consists of phase coherent modes with frequencies f m f CEO mf rep (where m is the number of the comb mode).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

et al. 2008

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We demonstrate control and stabilization of an optical frequency comb generated by four-wave mixing in a monolithic microresonator with a mode spacing in the microwave regime (86 GHz). The comb parameters (mode spacing and offset frequency) are controlled via the power and the frequency of the pump laser, which constitutes one of the comb modes. Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is demonstrated, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard. [6]. Frequency comb generation naturally occurs in modelocked lasers whose emission spectrum constitutes an ''optical frequency ruler'' and consists of phase coherent modes with frequencies f m f CEO mf rep (where m is the number of the comb mode). Consequently, stabilization of a frequency comb requires access to two parameters: the spacing of the modes, which is given by the rate f rep at which pulses are emitted, and the offset frequency, given by the carrier envelope offset frequency f CEO , which can be measured and stabilized using the technique of selfreferencing (by employing, for instance, an f ÿ 2f interferometer [1,7,8]). Indeed, these techniques have been critical to the success of mode-locked lasers as sources of optical frequency combs.Recently, a monolithic frequency comb generator has been demonstrated for the first time [9]. This approach is based on continuously pumped fused silica microresonators on a chip, in which frequency combs are generated via parametric frequency conversion through four-wave mixing [10], mediated by the Kerr nonlinearity [11][12][13][14][15]. In this energy-conserving process, two pump photons are converted into a symmetric pair of sidebands with a spacing given by the free spectral range of the microcavity. This four-wave mixing process can cascade and give rise to frequency combs spanning up to 500 nm in the infrared with a mode spacing of up to 1 THz. The comb modes have been shown to be equidistant to a fractional frequency uncertainty of one part in 10 17 relative to the pump frequency [9].Here we present two major advancements that are necessary preconditions for the monolithic comb generator to be viable in frequency metrology and related applications. First, we demonstrate that it is possible to control the two degrees of freedom of the microcavity frequency comb (MFC) spectrum, which is required for full stabilization of the comb spectrum. In contrast to mode-locked lasers,

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confidence: 99%

Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

et al. 2008

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“…However important the manipulation of electronic processes with few-cycle intense light fields has turned out to be, for a plethora of quantum systems [47] CEP manipulation of light represents only a single and therefore limited control knob in the quest to dynamically explore and manipulate matter. Extension beyond this limit brings about the necessity of controlling of and confining the optical waveform of intense light pulses within attosecond time intervals and considerably increases the demands for more advanced light technologies permitting sculpting and confinement of ultrafast light waveforms with sub-cycle precision Figure 1(a).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Light Fields: the Next Frontiermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dispersive mirrors [55,56] have laid a strong foundation for temporally compressing intense light pulses to near single-cycle durations [47] but this capability is limited to octave bandwidths. Moreover, compression of a predetermined spectral phase leaves little room for precise and dynamic manipulation of the field waveform.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Light Fields: the Next Frontiermentioning

confidence: 99%

MAKING OPTICAL WAVES, TRACING ELECTRONS IN REAL-TIME: THE ONSET OF THE ATTOSECOND REALM (Invited Review)

Goulielmakis¹,

Krausz²

2014

PIER

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Abstract-Tracing the dynamics of electrons inside atoms molecules or solids as they occur in real time resides at the forefront of modern science and technology. Advances in attosecond physics over the last decade and beyond are now enabling this essential experimental capability. Here we discuss some of the key developments in light sciences that made possible attosecond metrology and control of electronic processes inside matter on native time scales. These developments hold the promise for new, fundamental insights into the innerworkings of the microcosm as well as the identification of innovative routes for light-based electronic and photonic devices operating at PHz rates.

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“…Ultrashort few-cycle laser pulses have a number of important applications, such as coherent control of ultrafast reaction, detection of atomic and molecular dynamics [2][3][4][5] and attosecond pulse generation [6][7][8][9][10][11]. Nonlinear optics with few-cycle pulses has many novel aspects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carrier-envelope phase-dependent transmitted spectra in inversion-asymmetric media with permanent dipole moments

Yang¹,

Xia²,

Zhang³

et al. 2009

J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.

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We investigate the transmitted spectra of a few-cycle ultrashort pulse in an inversion-asymmetric medium with a permanent dipole moment (PDM). Our results show that even-order harmonics can be generated in this medium. Moreover, the generated even-order harmonics depend strongly on the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) of initial incident few-cycle ultrashort pulses. Physical analysis of the re-emitted spectra of the medium reveals that the CEP-dependent spectral effect is originated from the inversion-asymmetric structure and the corresponding PDM effects: two-photon transition dominates in the nonlinear process and further induces the generations of the even-order harmonics. Furthermore, the orientation relation between the electric field peak of the pulse and the PDM results in even-order harmonic generations depending on the CEP.

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Attosecond Control and Measurement: Lightwave Electronics

Cited by 366 publications

References 45 publications

Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb

MAKING OPTICAL WAVES, TRACING ELECTRONS IN REAL-TIME: THE ONSET OF THE ATTOSECOND REALM (Invited Review)

Carrier-envelope phase-dependent transmitted spectra in inversion-asymmetric media with permanent dipole moments

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