“…Witnessing parental marital aggression appears to be more strongly correlated with the subsequent perpetration of abuse (Caesar, 1988;Kalmuss, 1984). Batterers have also been found to have: (1) defective self-concepts (Geffner, Jordan, Hicks, & Cook, 1985;Goldstein & Rosenbaum, 1985;Neidig, Friedman, & Collins, 1986); (2) verbal skill deficits as compared to their wives (Ganley, 1981); (3) deficits in assertiveness, especially with their wives (Dutton & Strachen, 1987;Maiuro, Cahn, & Vitaliano, 1986; Rosenbaum L? O'Leary, 198 1); and (4) high power needs (Dutton & Strachen, 1987).…”