Attitudes toward male and female speech: Experiments on the effects of sex‐typical language

Berryman, Cynthia L.; Wilcox, J. R.

doi:10.1080/10570318009373985

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In contrast, evidence for a stereotype of linguistic gender styles seems clear (Berryman & Wilcox, 1980;Kramer, 1974;Kramarae, 1981;Siegler & Siegler, 1976). Research using "masculine" and "feminine" sentences derived from Lakoff s descriptions has shown that even students in elementary school follow LakoFs predictions in attributing those sentences to a male or female speaker (Fillmer & Haswell, 1977).…”

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confidence: 99%

Language Style and Gender Stereotypes in Person Perception

Quina

Wingard²,

Bates

1987

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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SUMMARY Twelve sentence pairs representing Lakoff's “women's language” and corresponding “masculine” styles were developed in order to examine gender stereotyping as a function of linguistic pattern usage. College students (77 women and 74 men) read the sentences as transcribed from an interview with a hypothetical male, female, or sex–unknown client, and evaluated the speaker on 31 bipolar adjective scales. Ratings on the masculinity–femininity dimension confirmed Lakoff's “feminin” speech style as a gender stereotype. Factor analysis and subsequent multivariate analyses of variance on factor scores revealed that participants rated the nonfeminine linguistic style significantly higher in competence, but lower in social warmth, than the feminine style. Author gender did not contribute significantly to speaker evaluations. Implications of this importance of style over gender in person perception are discussed. Lakoffs (1975) stereotype of a women's language was found in the present study for 12 representative sentences, although evidence for an equally stereotyped men's language using contrasting speech examples was not obtained. Ratings of hypothetical speakers on adjective pair rating scales revealed two patterns of language style attribution, both operating independently from speaker gender. Authors using Lakoff's feminine style were seen as less competent, but more socially warm; speakers using the counterpart nonfeminine style were viewed as more competent, but not as polite or friendly. The results suggest a need to examine more individual speech patterns, in order to move toward descriptions of effective communication combining competent and supportive impressions.

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confidence: 99%

Language Style and Gender Stereotypes in Person Perception

Quina

Wingard²,

Bates

1987

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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“…These assumptions which serve as bases for much current and continuing research on women's language have been derived from introspection (Lakoff, 1973(Lakoff, ,1974(Lakoff, ,1975, personal observation (Lakoff, 1975;Parlee, 1979), and some empirical verification (Key, 1972;Cronch & DuBois, 1973;DuBois & Cronch, 1974;Mischel, 1974;Bordon, 1974;Mulac & Lundell, 1980;Berryman & Wilcox, 1980). We argue that there is a clear need for more systematic research directed at explaining some of the effects and correlates of these assumptions.…”

Section: Differences In Subjects' Perceptions Of Gender and Believabimentioning

confidence: 93%

Differences in subjects' perceptions of gender and believability between users of deferential and nondeferential language

Liska

Mechling

Stathas

1981

Communication Quarterly

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“…Although there is a great body of empirical studies on national stereotypes, the number of comparative stereotype studies directly addressing the speech and communication patterns of different nations is, so far, very limited. Studies of communication stereotypes conducted so far have concentrated on beliefs about gender-related (Berryman & Wilcox, 1980) or racial (Popp, Donovan, Crawford, Marsh, & Peele, 2003) differences in speech style. However, it seems that research on communication stereotypes at the cultural level is an important resource for competent intercultural communication, providing guidelines in how to be effective in exchanging and comprehending messages with others outside our cultural boundaries.…”

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confidence: 98%