Attitudes, perceptions and behaviours towards HIV testing among African-American and East African immigrant women in Washington, DC: implications for targeted HIV testing promotion and communication strategies: Table 1

Abstract

Objectives The objective of the study was to examine and compare the HIV testing attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors between African American and East African immigrant women in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan area. Methods Adopting an inductive, qualitative methodological approach, we conducted a total of 40 in-depth, semi-structured interviews between October 2012 and March 2013. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Overall, African American women held more favorable views toward HIV testing than East African immigrant women. Very few East African immigrant women sought HIV testing intentionally. The majority of East African participants were tested inadvertently, while others tested for immigration- or employment-related purposes. There were many barriers that impede women from seeking an HIV test including: negative assumptions (e.g., ‘Getting an HIV test implies that I am HIV positive’); negative emotions (e.g., ‘Fear of being diagnosed with HIV and what this will mean for me’); and potential negative reactions from partner or others (e.g., ‘Getting an HIV test can signal distrust, disrespect, or infidelity’). There were nuances in how each group articulated some of these barriers and East African women expressed unique concerns that originated from experiences in their home countries. Conclusions The study shed light into the complexity of factors that constrain women from presenting themselves voluntarily for an HIV test and highlighted the nuances between African American and East African perceptions. Implications of findings for effective targeted HIV screening promotion and communication strategies among these groups of women are discussed.

Understanding the healthcare experiences and needs of African immigrants in the United States: a scoping review

“…The influence of African immigrants' religious and spiritual outlooks on health and well-being was presented in eight articles [61,65,66,69,70,72,73,75]. In Vaughn and Holloway's study, both the Muslim and Christian participants ascribed health status and outcomes primarily to God.…”

Nudging in screening: Literature review and ethical guidance

“…Types of screening where nudging is discussed: Nudging is discussed in a wide range of areas, such as prenatal screening [21][22][23][24][25][26][27], newborn screening [28,29], and adult screening. Nudging is also debated in areas such as screening for abdominal aorta aneurisms [14], obesity [30][31][32][33], diabetes [34,35], chronic beryllium disease [36], and HIV [21,[37][38][39]. However, the majority of references are to various types of cancer screening [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58], predominantly breast cancer screening [2,[59][60][61][62][63][64][6...…”

“…Obesity [30][31][32][33] diabetes [34,35] abdominal aorta aneurisms [14] HIV [21,[37][38][39] chronic beryllium disease [36]…”

HIV Testing Among Heterosexual Hispanic Women in South Florida

“…Such testing is especially critical in Florida, where an underlying factor affecting HIV disparity among Hispanics is late diagnosis of HIV (Trepka et al., ). Previous studies on HIV among Hispanics have indicated the following facilitators for testing: availability of rapid HIV testing with immediate results, healthcare professional recommendation (Craig, Beaulaurier, Newman, De La Rosa, & Brennan, ; De Jesus, Carrete, Maine, & Nalls, ; Lopez‐Quintero, Rojas, Dillon, Varga, & De La Rosa, ; Montealegre, Risser, Selwyn, McCurdy, & Sabin, ; Morales‐Aleman & Sutton, ), and the use of saliva or oral fluid as opposed to blood (fingerstick or venipuncture; Dietz, Ablah, Reznik, & Robbins, ; Gaydos et al., ; Merchant et al., ; Mullins, Braverman, Dorn, Kollar, & Kahn, ; Nunn et al., ).…”