Attenuation properties of lead composite aprons.

Murphy, Paul H.; Wu, Yuexin; Glaze, Sharon

doi:10.1148/radiology.186.1.8416577

Cited by 47 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…If a thyroid shield is used during a procedure, the radiation dose to the thyroid is substantially reduced and effective dose is reduced by about 50% (Niklason et al 1994). For typical fluoroscopy beam energies, a 0.5 mm lead equivalent thyroid shield provides a reduction in thyroid exposure of more than 95% (Yaffe et al 1991, Murphy et al 1993, von Boetticher et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Radiation Doses to Operators Performing Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures

Kim

Miller²,

González³

et al. 2012

Health Physics

142

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In the past 30 years, the numbers and types of fluoroscopically-guided (FG) procedures have increased dramatically. The objective of the present study is to provide estimated radiation doses to physician specialists, other than cardiologists, who perform FG procedures. We searched Medline to identify English-language journal articles reporting radiation exposures to these physicians. We then identified several primarily therapeutic FG procedures that met specific criteria: well-defined procedures for which there were at least five published reports of estimated radiation doses to the operator, procedures performed frequently in current medical practice, and inclusion of physicians from multiple medical specialties. These procedures were percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), vertebroplasty, orthopedic extremity nailing for treatment of fractures, biliary tract procedures, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation (TIPS), head/neck endovascular therapeutic procedures, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We abstracted radiation doses and other associated data, and estimated effective dose to operators. Operators received estimated doses per patient procedure equivalent to doses received by interventional cardiologists. The estimated effective dose per case ranged from 1.7 – 56μSv for PCNL, 0.1 – 101 μSv for vertebroplasty, 2.5 – 88μSv for orthopedic extremity nailing, 2.0 – 46μSv for biliary tract procedures, 2.5 – 74μSv for TIPS, 1.8 – 53μSv for head/neck endovascular therapeutic procedures, and 0.2 – 49μSv for ERCP. Overall, mean operator radiation dose per case measured over personal protective devices at different anatomic sites on the head and body ranged from 19 – 800 (median = 113) μSv at eye level, 6 – 1180 (median = 75)μSv at the neck, and 2 – 1600 (median = 302) μSv at the trunk. Operators’ hands often received greater doses than the eyes, neck or trunk. Large variations in operator doses suggest that optimizing procedure protocols and proper use of protective devices and shields might reduce occupational radiation dose substantially.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Radiation Doses to Operators Performing Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures

Kim

Miller²,

González³

et al. 2012

Health Physics

142

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“…This may explain why the lead-free aprons were the only ones with nominal lead values stated for a particular energy, although previous authors have requested that energy levels should be specified for all aprons [8,9]. On the other hand, it is apparent that the weight of the apron was an important parameter, with the Burmed variety having the lowest mean weight compared to the others (even when the vest and skirt was combined), whilst showing the greatest discrepancies between nominal and actual lead values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent workers, however, have shown this may not to be the case with composite aprons transmitting up to twice as much radiation as lead only aprons with the same stated equivalent value (0.5 mm Pb equivalent) [8]. Also, the efficiency of the composite type has been shown to be more dependent on the X-ray beam energy than lead only types [8,9]. Clearly, with the increasing employment of composite or lead-free aprons this is unacceptable, and it is the aim of this study to investigate the attenuation efficacy of a variety of protective aprons currently being used in two large Dublin hospitals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Obviously the lead equivalence value stated on protective aprons must be accurate and representative of the attenuative properties of the apron otherwise X-ray personnel may not be appropriately protected as defined in guidelines [2,7]. Recent workers, however, have shown this may not to be the case with composite aprons transmitting up to twice as much radiation as lead only aprons with the same stated equivalent value (0.5 mm Pb equivalent) [8]. Also, the efficiency of the composite type has been shown to be more dependent on the X-ray beam energy than lead only types [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective aprons in imaging departments: manufacturer stated lead equivalence values require validation

Finnerty¹,

Brennan²

2005

Eur Radiol

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The composition of protective aprons worn by X-ray personnel to shield against secondary radiation is changing. Lead is being replaced by either lead-free or composite (lead with other high atomic numbered elements) materials. These newer aprons are categorised by manufacturers in terms of lead equivalent values, but it is unclear how these stated values compare with actual lead equivalent values. In this work, the actual lead equivalence of 41 protective aprons from four manufacturers, all specified as having 0.25 mm lead equivalence, were investigated with transmission experiments at 70 and 100 kVp. All aprons were in current use. The aprons were screened for defects, and age, weight and design was recorded along with details of associated quality assurance (QA). Out of the 41 protective aprons examined for actual lead equivalence, 73% were outside tolerance levels, with actual levels in some aprons demonstrating less than half of the nominal values. The lack of compatibility between actual and nominal lead equivalent values was demonstrated by aprons from three of the four manufacturers investigated. The area of the defects found on screening of the protective aprons were within recommendations. The results highlight the need for acceptancy and ongoing checks of protective aprons to ensure that radiation exposure of imaging personnel is kept to a minimum.

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“…Other shortcomings of aprons made of lead or lead equivalent materials include inflexibility and toxicity 3, 4. To overcome these problems, some researchers have explored ways to provide effective x‐ray protection using alternative materials 5, 6, 7, 8. In an attempt to reduce the weight of protection materials, several vendors have developed composite lead‐equivalent materials using mixtures of different elements such as lead, tin, copper, bismuth‐antimony, and yttrium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the shielding ability of a tungsten functional paper for diagnostic x‐rays and gamma rays

Monzen

Kanno

Fujimoto

et al. 2017

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Tungsten functional paper (TFP) is a novel paper‐based radiation‐shielding material. We measured the shielding ability of TFP against x‐rays and gamma rays. The TFP was supplied in 0.3‐mm‐thick sheets that contained 80% tungsten powder and 20% cellulose (C6H10O5) by mass. In dose measurements for x‐rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), we measured doses after through 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 12 TFP sheets, as well as 0.3 and 0.5 mm of lead. In lead equivalence measurements, we measured doses after through 2 and 10 TFP sheets for x‐rays (100 and 150 kVp), and 0, 7, 10, 20, and 30 TFP sheets for gamma rays from cesium‐137 source (662 keV). And then, the lead equivalent thicknesses of TFP were determined by comparison with doses after through standard lead plates (purity >99.9%). Additionally, we evaluated uniformity of the transmitted dose by TFP with a computed radiography image plate for 50 kVp x‐rays. A single TFP sheet was found to have a shielding ability of 65%, 53%, 48%, and 46% for x‐rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of two TFP sheets were 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.02 mmPb, and of ten TFP sheets were 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.51 ± 0.02 mmPb for 100 and 150 kVp x‐rays, respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of 7, 10, 20, and 30 sheets of TFP for gamma rays from cesium‐137 source were estimated as 0.28, 0.43, 0.91, and 1.50 mmPb with an error of ± 0.01 mm. One TFP sheet had nonuniformity, however, seven TFP sheets provided complete shielding for 50 kVp x‐rays. TFP has adequate radiation shielding ability for x‐rays and gamma rays within the energy range used in diagnostic imaging field.

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Attenuation properties of lead composite aprons.

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

Occupational Radiation Doses to Operators Performing Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures

Occupational Radiation Doses to Operators Performing Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures

Protective aprons in imaging departments: manufacturer stated lead equivalence values require validation

Estimation of the shielding ability of a tungsten functional paper for diagnostic x‐rays and gamma rays

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