Attenuation of blast waves by the atmosphere

Reed, Jack W.

doi:10.1029/jc077i009p01616

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Several theoretical and empirical schemes have been proposed to evaluate amplitude of the acoustic signal for low-altitude sources (DuMond et al, 1946;Reed, 1972;Revelle, 1976;Reed, 1977;Davidson and Whitaker, 1992). We have decided that the Davidson and Whitaker relation is the most reliable for ozonospheric returns when wind effects are significant.…”

Section: Empirical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fall of the St‐Robert meteorite

Brown

Hildebrand

Green

et al. 1996

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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The St‐Robert (Québec, Canada) meteorite shower occurred on 1994 June 15 at 0h02m UT accompanied by detonations audible for >200 km from the fireball endpoint. The fireball was recorded by visual observers in Vermont, New York State, New Hampshire, Québec and Ontario as well as by optical and infrared sensors in Earth‐orbit. Penetration to an altitude of 36 km occurred ∼60 km to the northeast of Montreal, where the bolide experienced several episodes of fragmentation. A total of 20 fragments of this H5 chondrite, comprising a total mass of 25.4 kg, were recovered in an ellipse measuring 8 × 3.5 km. One fragment of the shower partially penetrated the aluminum roof of a shed. Interpretation of the visual and satellite data suggests that the fireball traveled from south‐southwest to north‐northeast, with a slope from the horizontal of 55°–61°. A statistical evaluation of the likely heliocentric orbits for the body prior to collision with the Earth, coupled with theoretical modeling of the entry, suggests an entry velocity in the range of 12.7–13.3 km/s; the meteoroid had moved in a low‐inclination orbit, with orbital perihelion located extremely close to the Earth's orbit. From satellite optical data, it is found that the photometric mass consumed during the largest detonation is ∼1200 kg. Estimation of the amplitude of the acoustic signal detected by the most distant observer yields a source energy near 0.5 kt TNT equivalent energy, which corresponds to a mass of order 10 metric tonnes. This measure is uncertain to approximately one order of magnitude. Theoretical modeling of the entry of the object suggests a mass near 1600 kg. Cosmogenic radionuclide activities constrain the lower initial mass to be ∼700 kg with an upper limit near 4000 kg. Seismic data possibly associated with the fireball suggest extremely poor coupling between the airwave and the ground. The total mass estimated to have reached the ground is ∼100 kg (in material comprising >55 g fragments), while the preatmospheric mass is found to be most probably in the range of 1200–2000 kg.

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Section: Empirical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fall of the St‐Robert meteorite

Brown

Hildebrand

Green

et al. 1996

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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“…Summing this series as done by Reed [] yields the following approximation for the total attenuation factor af in terms of af fund :

\begin{matrix} left \\ \begin{array}{c} center & italicaf \approx 1 - 0.9 {(1 - a f_{italicfund})}^{0.42} & for a f_{fund} \geq 0.6 \end{array}; \\ \begin{array}{c} center & \approx \frac{2 a f_{fund}}{π} & italicotherwise . \end{array} \end{matrix}

…”

Section: Effects On Overpressure Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scenario we consider has the characteristics listed in Table . The value of k used was obtained from Reed [] while the values of b and p 0 are those attributed to standard atmospheres. Also presented in Table are some derived variables and results.…”

Section: Examplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Analytic computations of nonideal corrections to blast wave overpressure predictions at high altitudes

Latunde-Dada

2013

JGR Atmospheres

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[1] In this paper, the effects of temperature, pressure, winds, moisture, and molecular content on the propagation of blast waves at high altitudes are investigated. These cause refractions and attenuations which modify the recorded ground overpressures from the ideal predictions. By coupling these effects together, the nonideal corrections to the overpressures are estimated by applying approximations which are dependent on the angle of propagation of the blast wave.

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“…In another paper [Reed, 1972] Supplements [1966] shows only about 5% greater total attenuation for 90-km bursts than was calculated by using the regular standard atmosphere.…”

Section: Corrections For Classical Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airblast overpressure decay at long ranges

Reed¹

1972

J. Geophys. Res.

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An empirical model is presented for explosion wave propagation, which demonstrates that pressure amplitude is inversely proportional to distance raised to the 1.2 power. This model resulted from recordings of vertical propagations, essentially unrefracted by the horizontally stratified atmosphere, and by comparison of amplitudes from different yields after nearly simultaneous propagation along more complex atmospheric paths. Recent NASA rocket grenade experiments provide basis for extending the scaled range of applicability to 8000 km from a 1-kt nuclear explosion. Interpretation of airblast waves recorded at long ranges from explosions requires some assumptions about the propagation mechanismsas well as a definition of the wave source. Descriptions of explosive sources and early-time airblast parameters, such as overpressures, distances, and times, are well known [Glasstone, 1962], but confusion sometimes arises in scaling known explosive wave parameters to other detonationconditions. Less is known about

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Attenuation of blast waves by the atmosphere

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

The fall of the St‐Robert meteorite

The fall of the St‐Robert meteorite

Analytic computations of nonideal corrections to blast wave overpressure predictions at high altitudes

Airblast overpressure decay at long ranges

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