Attenuation of Babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation

Yunker, Conrad E.; Kuttler, Kenneth; Johnson, LeRoy

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(87)90125-7

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Given the similar niches of the malaria parasite and Babesia, one might suppose that the method developed by Trager and Jensen (53) for cultivation of Plasmodium would work for Babesia; this has not been the case (8,35). Sera used as medium supplements for in vitro growth of babesias represent a variable factor, making it necessary to screen batches for lots that support parasite growth (48,58). Fetal calf serum may actually inhibit growth of Babesia spp.…”

Section: Basic Culturing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The loss of virulence with culture passage is of particular use in developing strains of babesias that might serve for immunization of susceptible hosts (34,49). Yunker et al (58) cultured a virulent isolate of B. bovis using the MASP technique, gradually replacing the bovine serum additive with horse serum, until one line was grown in 40% horse serum. This line was tested in splenectomized calves against a virulent isolate.…”

Section: Strain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultivation ofBabesiaandBabesia-Like Blood Parasites: Agents of an Emerging Zoonotic Disease

Schuster

2002

Clin Microbiol Rev

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Babesia and its close relatives are members of a group of organisms called piroplasms, a name which comes from their pear-shaped outlines. Long associated with blood diseases of cattle and other mammals, members of the genus Babesia have been recognized since the 1950s as infectious agents in humans. Species of this protozoan blood parasite that have routinely been isolated from mice (B. microti) or cattle (B. divergens) have also been isolated from humans. In addition to these familiar species, new isolates that resist being placed in existing taxonomic categories are the basis for rethinking their phylogenetic relationships based on sequencing data. The parasite represents a threat to the safety of the blood supply in that blood from asymptomatic humans can transmit Babesia to blood recipients. Such transmissions have occurred. The development of methods for cultivation of these organisms represents a significant opportunity to study their biology and disease potential. In addition, in vitro cultivation has provided a basis for studying immune responses of mammals to these infectious agents, with the hope of ultimately producing attenuated strains that could be used for immunizing of cattle and, perhaps, humans who live in areas of endemicity. The microaerophilous stationary phase culture technique, which uses a tissue culture medium base supplemented with appropriate serum and erythrocytes, has made it possible to obtain large numbers of parasitized erythrocytes for studying the biology of this parasite

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Section: Basic Culturing Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Strain Attenuationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivation ofBabesiaandBabesia-Like Blood Parasites: Agents of an Emerging Zoonotic Disease

Schuster

2002

Clin Microbiol Rev

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“…strains in a defined medium has been the basis for the initiation of a source of parasites for a variety of studies on the immunology of babesiosis. The various applications of cultivation include the selection of pure lines with different degrees of virulence ( 104 ) in order to obtain attenuated strains for vaccination ( 105 – 107 ). The use of live immunogens from attenuated strains derived from in vitro culture has been proposed as an alternative in the control of bovine babesiosis.…”

Section: Importance and Immunoprophylactic Applications Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Current Knowledge on in vitro Babesia Cultivation for Production of Live Attenuated Vaccines for Bovine Babesiosis in Mexico

2020

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The instrumentation of the in vitro culture system has allowed researchers to learn more about the metabolic and growth behavior of Babesia spp. The various applications for in vitro cultivation of Babesia include obtaining attenuated strains for vaccination or pre-munition, the selection of pure lines with different degrees of virulence, studies on biological cloning, ultrastructure, antigen production for diagnostics, drug sensitivity assessments, and different aspects of parasite biology. Although there are different types of vaccines that have been tested against bovine babesiosis, so far, the only procedure that has offered favorable results in terms of protection and safety has been the use of live attenuated vaccines. In countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Israel, this type of vaccine has been produced and used. The alternative to live vaccines other than splenectomized calf-derived biological material, has been the in vitro cultivation of Babesia bovis and B. bigemina . The development of in vitro culture of Babesia spp. strains in a defined medium has been the basis for the initiation of a source of parasites and exoantigens for a variety of studies on the biochemistry and immunology of babesiosis. The use of live immunogens from attenuated strains derived from in vitro culture is highlighted, which has been proposed as an alternative to control bovine babesiosis. In several studies performed in Mexico, this type of immunogen applied to susceptible cattle has shown the induction of protection against the experimental heterologous strain challenge with both, Babesia -infected blood and animal exposure to confrontations on tick vector-infested farms. The combination of transfection technologies and the in vitro culture system as integrated methodologies would eventually give rise to the generation of genetically modified live vaccines. However, a greater challenge faced now by researchers is the large-scale cultivation of Babesia parasites for mass production and vaccine distribution.

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“…Prolonged subcultivation of B. bovis for 174 days allowed it to retain the virulence and immunogenicity for calves, 76 but, in contrast, variable decrease in virulence was reported after about two years (318 passages) of cultivation. 77 The virulence to cattle was considerably reduced when B. bovis was cultured with a heterologous serum, 78 and a medium containing horse but not bovine serum also reduced the virulence of B. bovis . 67 Subcultivation of B. bigemina for 100 days did not alter its immunogenicity and virulence for calves.…”

Section: Culture‐grown Babesia Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of sealed cell culture flasks for stationary growth and suspension cultures allowed large quantities of parasites to be obtained, to meet the demand for vaccine production. 88,90 Substitution of bovine serum, used for in vitro cultivation, with horse serum for growth of both B. bigemina 78 and B. bovis 91 has several advantages, including: prevention of the transmission of latent specific ruminant disease pathogens; possibility of initiation of cultures in babesiosis enzootic areas; and simplified search for a suitable donor. Since the development of the methods for in vitro cultivation of Babesia spp., numerous studies have been performed in attempts to use culture‐derived soluble exoantigens for vaccination, and various degrees of protective efficacy have been reported.…”

Section: Culture‐grown Babesia Sppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture‐Derived Parasites in Vaccination of Cattle against Tick‐Borne Diseases

Shkap¹,

Pipano²

2000

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The major economically important tick‐borne diseases of cattle are theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and cowdriosis. Culture‐derived attenuated schizonts of Theileria annulata have proved to be safe for all types of cattle and they protect against tick‐borne theileriosis. T. parva was also successfully grown in vitro; however, inoculation of cattle with allogeneic schizont‐infected cells resulted in rejection and destruction of the parasites together with the host cells. The number of schizont‐infected cells needed for immunization is greater than for T. annulata theileriosis. Culture‐propagated Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were used for large scale vaccination in the field. An avirulent population of Babesia spp. was obtained by in vitro cloning; inoculation of cattle did not induce clinical babesiosis, but produced specific antibodies. Culture‐derived exoantigens of Babesia spp. proved to be completely safe for cattle, however, they conferred less protection than live parasites. Cell‐cultured Cowdria ruminantium was highly infective for susceptible animals but, attenuated in vitro, could offer a potential source for vaccination. Anaplasma marginale, successfully grown in tick cell culture, may be developed for vaccines. Factors that should be considered in the developing of vaccines against tick‐borne diseases include: the protective immune response to the pathogenic parasite developmental stages, virulence, immunological strain differences, and antigenic variations in cattle and in culture.

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Attenuation of Babesia bovis by in vitro cultivation

Cited by 27 publications

References 9 publications

Cultivation ofBabesiaandBabesia-Like Blood Parasites: Agents of an Emerging Zoonotic Disease

Cultivation ofBabesiaandBabesia-Like Blood Parasites: Agents of an Emerging Zoonotic Disease

An Overview of Current Knowledge on in vitro Babesia Cultivation for Production of Live Attenuated Vaccines for Bovine Babesiosis in Mexico

Culture‐Derived Parasites in Vaccination of Cattle against Tick‐Borne Diseases

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