Attenuation Measurements Across Surface-Ship Wakes and Computed Bubble Distributions and Void Fractions

Controls on gas transfer velocities in a large river

“…The solubility of N 2 O is similar to that of CO 2 , therefore we wouldn't expect microbubble ebullition to enhance N 2 O gas transfer relative to CO 2. Microbubbles can also be created by the injection of air into the water column via breaking waves [ Peltzer et al , 1992; Stanic et al , 2009; Trevorrow et al , 1994; Vagle and Burch , 2005; Weber et al , 2005; Woolf and Thorpe , 1991; Woolf et al , 2007]. The contribution of surfacing microbubbles created via wave breaking to gas transfer will be proportional to the gas diffusion coefficient if the bubbles surface rapidly, and inversely proportional to gas solubility if the bubbles equilibrate with the water column prior to surfacing [ Woolf et al , 2007].…”

The turbulent bubble break-up cascade. Part 2. Numerical simulations of breaking waves

“…Knowledge of the distribution of bubble sizes informs the total interfacial area, as well as size-dependent effects. These are important for quantifying bubble-and drop-mediated mass, momentum and energy transport near the wave surface (Kanwisher 1963;Atkinson 1973;Thorpe 1982Thorpe , 1992Thorpe , 1995Woolf 1993;Melville 1996;Wanninkhof et al 2009;Emerson & Bushinsky 2016; and references therein), the reflection and scattering of solar and other electromagnetic radiation by the water-wave surface and surrounding air-water interfaces (Stramski 1994;Zhang, Lewis & Johnson 1998;Stefan & Szeri 1999;Terrill, Melville & Stramski 2001;Reed & Milgram 2002;Stramski et al 2004;Zhang et al 2004;Seitz 2011;Twardowski et al 2012;Crook, Jackson & Forster 2016; and references therein) as well as the generation, scattering and propagation of acoustic waves beneath the water-wave surface (Strasberg 1956;Schulkin 1968Schulkin , 1969Medwin 1970;Farmer & Lemon 1984;Prosperetti 1988;Hall 1989;Melville 1996;Deane 1997Deane , 2016Duineveld 1998;Vagle & Farmer 1998;Farmer, Deane & Vagle 2001;Stanic et al 2009;Czerski & Deane 2010;and references therein). In order to rigorously quantify these effects, one needs to have a good grasp of the initial distribution of bubble sizes generated in the wave-breaking process, as well as how and why thi...…”

“…2012; Crook, Jackson & Forster 2016; and references therein) as well as the generation, scattering and propagation of acoustic waves beneath the water-wave surface (Strasberg 1956; Schulkin 1968, 1969; Medwin 1970; Farmer & Lemon 1984; Prosperetti 1988; Hall 1989; Melville 1996; Deane 1997, 2016; Duineveld 1998; Vagle & Farmer 1998; Farmer, Deane & Vagle 2001; Stanic et al. 2009; Czerski & Deane 2010; and references therein). In order to rigorously quantify these effects, one needs to have a good grasp of the initial distribution of bubble sizes generated in the wave-breaking process, as well as how and why this distribution evolves while the resulting turbulence dissipates and the bubbles rise to the surface.…”

Analysis of Acoustic Propagation and Scattering Data Across Ship Wakes

“…The team of Stanic, Caruthers, and Goodman (recently deceased) have published a number of papers on the subject of bubbles. The most recent work by this team was the initial analysis of the wake dataset for the Neptune wake [1]. The approach undertaken in that work involved the analysis of attenuation of the signals propagating across the wake.…”