“…In this way, when either item became relevant (probed), participants could access relevant visual and motor attributes at once, yielding memory-guided action that was not only precise (guided by memorized visual shape information) but also fast. Such prospective action planning alongside the retention of detailed visual information has been confirmed in complementary behavioural (González-García et al, 2020 ) and EEG (Boettcher et al, 2020 ; Formica et al, 2020 ; Schneider et al, 2017 ) studies. Figure 2.…”
Section: Functional Linksmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Several complementary perspective articles (Chatham & Badre, 2015 ; Myers et al, 2017 ; Schneider et al, 2020 ) as well as several recent empirical studies (Boettcher et al, 2020 ; González-García et al, 2020 ; Schneider et al, 2017 ; van Ede et al, 2019b ) have started to promote a central role of manual action planning alongside the retention of detailed visual representations in working memory. One clear example of this comes from a recent EEG study of my colleagues and I (van Ede et al, 2019b ).…”
Working memory bridges perception to action over extended delays, enabling flexible goaldirected behaviour. To date, studies of visual working memoryconcerned with detailed visual representations such as shape and colourhave considered visual memory predominantly in the context of visual task demands, such as visual identification and search. Another key purpose of visual working memory is to directly inform and guide upcoming actions. Taking this as a starting point, I review emerging evidence for the pervasive bi-directional links between visual working memory and (planned) action, and discuss these links from the perspective of their common goal of enabling flexible and precise behaviour.
“…In this way, when either item became relevant (probed), participants could access relevant visual and motor attributes at once, yielding memory-guided action that was not only precise (guided by memorized visual shape information) but also fast. Such prospective action planning alongside the retention of detailed visual information has been confirmed in complementary behavioural (González-García et al, 2020 ) and EEG (Boettcher et al, 2020 ; Formica et al, 2020 ; Schneider et al, 2017 ) studies. Figure 2.…”
Section: Functional Linksmentioning
confidence: 79%
“…Several complementary perspective articles (Chatham & Badre, 2015 ; Myers et al, 2017 ; Schneider et al, 2020 ) as well as several recent empirical studies (Boettcher et al, 2020 ; González-García et al, 2020 ; Schneider et al, 2017 ; van Ede et al, 2019b ) have started to promote a central role of manual action planning alongside the retention of detailed visual representations in working memory. One clear example of this comes from a recent EEG study of my colleagues and I (van Ede et al, 2019b ).…”
Working memory bridges perception to action over extended delays, enabling flexible goaldirected behaviour. To date, studies of visual working memoryconcerned with detailed visual representations such as shape and colourhave considered visual memory predominantly in the context of visual task demands, such as visual identification and search. Another key purpose of visual working memory is to directly inform and guide upcoming actions. Taking this as a starting point, I review emerging evidence for the pervasive bi-directional links between visual working memory and (planned) action, and discuss these links from the perspective of their common goal of enabling flexible and precise behaviour.
“…In contrast, in the procedural localizer, participants’ goal was to execute the correct response associated with a target stimulus. The different readout from WM thus encouraged different strategies, as suggested by previous studies 3,7,16 . Therefore, it is conceivable that templates will contain unique information: a persistent maintenance of the memoranda in the declarative localizer, and a proactive action-oriented representation, in the procedural localizer.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Previous behavioral studies have consistently reported an intriguing signature of instruction processing, namely, a reflexive activation of responses on the basis of merely instructed stimulus-response (S-R) associations (defined as “intention-based reflexivity”, or IBR). IBR occurs even when instructions are task-irrelevant and have not been overtly executed before 2–7 , which suggests a rapid configuration of instructed content predominantly towards action. Instruction implementation also has a profound impact on brain activity, as shown by electroencephalography and fMRI studies.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1). Based on recent experimental results 7,21,22 and theoretical models of working memory (WM) 23 , we assumed that retro-cues (i.e. cues that signal the relevance of one of the already encoded representations in WM) would prioritize relevant S-R associations into a behavior-optimized state, akin to implementation.…”
12A key aspect of human cognitive flexibility concerns the ability to rapidly convert 13 complex symbolic instructions into novel behaviors. Previous research proposes 14 that this fast configuration is supported by two differentiated neurocognitive states, 15 namely, an initial declarative maintenance of task knowledge, and a progressive 16 transformation into a pragmatic, action-oriented state necessary for optimal task 17 execution. Furthermore, current models predict a crucial role of frontal and parietal 18 brain regions in this transformation. However, direct evidence for such 19 frontoparietal formatting of novel task representations is still lacking. Here, we 20 report the results of an fMRI experiment in which participants had to execute novel 21 instructed stimulus-response associations. We then used a multivariate pattern-22 tracking procedure to quantify the degree of neural activation of instructions in 23 declarative and procedural representational formats. This analysis revealed, for the 24 first time, format-unique representations of relevant task sets in frontoparietal 25 areas, prior to execution. Critically, the degree of procedural (but not declarative) 26 activation predicted subsequent behavioral performance. Our results shed light on 27 current debates on the architecture of cognitive control and working memory 28 systems, suggesting a contribution of frontoparietal regions to output gating 29 mechanisms that drive behavior. 30 31 32Some of the most advanced collaborative human achievements rely on our ability 33 to rapidly learn novel tasks. Instruction following constitutes a powerful instance of 34 this ability as it combines the flexibility to specify complex abstract relationships 35 with an efficiency far superior to other forms of task learning such as trial and error, 36 or reinforcement learning. These unique characteristics make it a distinctive skill 37 that separates humans from other species 1 . While recent years have witnessed 38 substantial progress in our understanding of instruction following, the neural and 39 cognitive mechanisms underlying this rapid transformation of complex symbolic 40 information into effective behavior are still poorly understood. Specifically, a critical 41 question that remains unresolved is whether a declarative representation of task 42 information is sufficient or whether an additional representational state, closely 43 linked to action, precedes optimal performance.
44Previous behavioral studies have consistently reported an intriguing signature of 45 instruction processing, namely, a reflexive activation of responses on the basis of 46 merely instructed stimulus-response (S-R) associations (defined as "intention-47 based reflexivity", or IBR). IBR occurs even when instructions are task-irrelevant 48 and have not been overtly executed before 2-7 , which suggests a rapid 49 configuration of instructed content predominantly towards action. Instruction 50 implementation also has a profound impact on brain activity, as shown by 5...
Unlike other species, humans are capable of rapidly learning new behavior from a single instruction. While previous research focused on the cognitive processes underlying the rapid, automatic implementation of instructions, the fundamentally social nature of instruction following has remained largely unexplored. Here, we investigated whether instructor trustworthiness modulates instruction implementation using both explicit and reflexive measures. In a first preregistered study, we validated a new paradigm to manipulate the perceived trustworthiness of two different avatars and showed that such a manipulation reliably induced implicit associations between avatars and trustworthiness attributes. Moreover, we show that trustworthy instructors are followed more frequently and faster. In two additional preregistered experiments, we tested if trustworthiness towards the instructor influenced the cognitive processes underlying instruction implementation. While we show that verbally conveyed instructions led to automatic instruction implementation, this effect was not modulated by the trustworthiness of the instructor.
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