Attentional mechanisms in judging genuine and fake smiles: Eye-movement patterns.

Abstract

We investigated the visual attention patterns (i.e., where, when, how frequently, and how long viewers look at each face region) for faces with (a) genuine, enjoyment smiles (i.e., a smiling mouth and happy eyes with the Duchenne marker), (b) fake, nonenjoyment smiles (a smiling mouth but nonhappy eyes: neutral, surprised, fearful, sad, disgusted, or angry), or (c) no smile (and nonhappy eyes). Viewers evaluated whether the faces conveyed happiness ("felt happy") or not, while eye movements were monitored. Results indicated, first, that the smiling mouth captured the first fixation more likely and faster than the eyes, regardless of type of eyes. This reveals similar attentional orienting to genuine and fake smiles. Second, the mouth and, especially, the eyes of faces with fake smiles received more fixations and longer dwell times than those of faces with genuine smiles. This reveals attentional engagement, with a processing cost for fake smiles. Finally, when the mouth of faces with fake smiles was fixated earlier than the eyes, the face was likely to be judged as genuinely happy. This suggests that the first fixation on the smiling mouth biases the viewer to misinterpret the emotional state underlying blended expressions.

Perceptual and affective mechanisms in facial expression recognition: An integrative review

“…Although this was in correspondence with the higher pleasantness of happy faces, the relationship was inconsistent with arousal, as happy faces were equally or less arousing than the others. Finally, Calvo, Gutiérrez-García et al (2013) found that the higher valence of happy faces was associated with initial attentional orienting to, and later engagement with, the mouth region, while arousal was not related to the pattern of eye movements. Also, differences in valence and arousal among the other expressions (anger, fear, sadness, disgust and surprise) were not consistently associated with any overt attention pattern.…”

“…Valence ratings are generally consistent: Happy faces are judged as more pleasant than any other expression or neutral faces, which are rated as more pleasant than the negatively valenced basic expressions. This pattern has been obtained with various face databases (POFA: Lipp, Price, &Tellegen, 2009, andBullock, 1985;KDEF: Calvo, Gutiérrez-García, Avero, &Lundqvist, 2013, andEisenbarth, Alpers, Segré, Calogero, &Angrilli, 2008;or both KDEF and NimStim: Adolph & Alpers, 2010). For arousal ratings, the pattern is much less consistent: happy faces are more arousing than neutral or other emotional faces (Eisenbarth et al, 2008), or equally arousing as angry faces (Calvo, Gutiérrez-García et al, 2013;Lipp et al, 2009, Experiment 2), or equally arousing as angry and fearful faces (Adolph & Alpers, 2010), or less arousing than angry and fearful faces (Russell & Bullock, 1985;Lipp et al, 2009, Experiment 3).…”

¿Dónde se posan los ojos al leer textos multisemióticos disciplinares? Procesamiento de palabras y gráficos en un estudio experimental con eye tracker

“…Así, resulta difícil encontrar experiencias previas en que se explore la lectura de géneros académicos y profesionales y, mucho más exigua, o incluso inexistente, es la literatura que aborde el procesamiento de este tipo de géneros en español en que interactúen diversos sistemas semióticos, tales como palabras y gráficos. Sí se identifica investigación con tecnología ET pero en otros dominios, tales como, estudios únicamente del sistema verbal (Calvo, Meseguer & Carreiras, 2001;Calvo & Meseguer, 2002;Loureda, Nadal & van Vliet, 2011;Betancort, Carreiras & Sturt, 2011;Fernández, Shalom, Kliegl & Sigman, 2014;Loureda, Cruz, Rudka, Nadal & Zuloaga, 2015), de usabilidad en sistemas de interacción entre seres humanos e interfaces computacionales (Loyola, Martínez & Velásquez, 2014;Slanzy, Jadue & Velásquez, 2015), de reconocimiento de emociones y gestos faciales (Calvo, Gutiérrez-García, Avero & Lundqvist, 2013;Fernández-Martín, Gutiérrez-García & Gutiérrez-Calvo, 2013), de mercadotecnia o visualización (González & Velásquez, 2012) o los que se abocan a textos compuestos por palabras e imágenes o ilustraciones (Añaños & Astals, 2013).…”

Frequency, Context and Characteristics of Smile Used in Advertising

“…Upitnik se sastojao od 20 stavaka, s obzirom na prisutnost ljuFace and smile esthetics are significant components of the contemporary communication in politics and political marketing where political parties spend a vast amount of money to address their thoughts and messages with the help of media, marketing and public relation experts (8). An attractive smile helps winning the elections (8), also, attractive people are considered to be intelligent, successful, fair and compassionate because of the common belief -what is beautiful is considered good (2,3,6).…”

“…Privlačan osmijeh pomaže pobijediti na izborima (8), a također se smatra da su privlačni ljudi inteligentni, uspješni, pravedni i suosjećajni zbog općeg vjerovanja da je dobro sve što je lijepo (2,3,6).…”