Attentional disregulation: A benefit for implicit memory.

Rowe, Glenn; Valderrama, Steven; Hasher, Lynn; Lenartowicz, Agatha

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.826

Cited by 124 publications

(192 citation statements)

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“…We confirm previously established behavioral effects showing that at synchrony, older adults are able to resist distraction (Hasher et al, 2005;Rowe et al, 2006;Schmidt et al, 2007), and crucially for the first time, demonstrate that to do so they activate a set of attentional control regions recruited by younger adults. Older adults tested in the afternoon during their off-peak time of day showed both a behavioral and neural decrement, as they are not as able to resist distraction nor draw on the appropriate brain regions as their young peers or age mates tested in the morning.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Cihr Author Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…The overall ANOVA was significant, F (2, 46) = 3.5, p = .038, the linear contrast was also significant, p = 0.017 and suggested that priming increased from nil in young adults to 7% in the morning group, and finally 11% in old adults tested in the afternoon. Our current results therefore agree with both the age and time of day differences reported previously Rowe et al, 2006).On the second fragment task, which tested priming for attended words from the 1-back task on letters, all groups showed significant priming, p's < .05, and an ANOVA did not reveal priming differences across groups, F (2, 45) = 0.23, p = 0.79.We also tested for age and time-of-day effects on our filler task (the arrow flanker task, another measure of inhibitory control). Accuracy for this task was close to ceiling (all groups scored above 80% for every condition), and only reaction times associated with a correct response were analyzed (i.e.…”

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confidence: 94%

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Timing is everything: Age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day.

Anderson¹,

Campbell²,

Amer³

et al. 2014

Psychology and Aging

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Current behavioral evidence suggests that attention regulation in humans varies with a circadian arousal rhythm that is influenced by age. However it is not known whether functional BOLD activation also varies with performance across the day in older adults. We used fMRI to compare activity in the control network in older adults tested in the morning and older and younger adults tested in the afternoon. Using a 1-back task with simultaneously presented stimuli (words superimposed on pictures), we show that older adults tested in the morning are not only more able to ignore the unattended stimulus than older adults in the afternoon, but activate similar cognitive control regions to young adults (rostral prefrontal and superior parietal cortex). We conclude that time of day modulates task-related fMRI signal in older adults and that age differences are reduced when older adults are tested at peak times of day. Keywordstime of day; circadian arousal; aging; attention; cognitive control; distraction; implicit memory; control network There are well known circadian fluctuations in cognitive alertness Yoon et al., 1999;Paradee et al., 2005;Blatter and Cajochen, 2007;Murray et al., 2009), fluctuations measurable with paper and pencil inventories highly correlated with physiological arousal (Horne and Ostberg, 1976;Roenneberg et al., 2003;Zavada et al., 2005). Additionally, there are age and individual differences in alertness patterns, such that the majority of older adults are shifted towards morningness, with younger adults falling into neutral and evening type ranges of alertness. Similar effects have also been demonstrated in animal studies which report robust age by synchrony interactions for arousal and memory Hasher, 1999, 2002 CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author Manuscript CIHR Author ManuscriptConcerning cognitive functioning, there is a substantial literature showing a synchrony effect (May et al., 1993;May and Hasher, 1998) such that performance, particularly on tasks requiring effortful (top-down) executive control or attention regulation are best performed at one's better times of day (May and Hasher, 1998;May, 1999;Yoon et al., 1999; Hasher et al., 2005;Ramírez et al., 2006Ramírez et al., , 2012Goldstein et al., 2007;Rowe et al., 2009; Hahn et al., 2012;Lehmann et al., 2013).Despite a rich behavioral literature, the influence of circadian rhythms and time of testing is largely unexplored in the neuroimaging literature and what research there is has focused on young adults (e.g. Marek et al., 2010) showing time of day differences in the ability to regulate strong but incorrect responses in the orienting attentional network -a division of the task-positive network that regulates where and when attention is directed in response to external cues (Schmidt et al., 2012).These findings are suggestive for young adults but an open and critical question is the impact of different times of testing for older adults -whose behavioral data shows substantially larger fluctuations, including in regulation of di...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Cihr Author Manuscriptsupporting

confidence: 94%

supporting

confidence: 94%

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Timing is everything: Age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day.

Anderson¹,

Campbell²,

Amer³

et al. 2014

Psychology and Aging

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“…Deficits in inhibitory processing allow too much information into memory, leading on some occasions to competition at retrieval between relevant and irrelevant information (Hasher & Zacks, 1988;May, Zacks, Hasher, & Multhaup, 1999). By contrast, should the irrelevant information become relevant, older adults can also show a performance advantage over young adults (Kim, Hasher, & Zacks, in press;Rowe, Valderrama, Hasher, & Lenartowicz, 2006). On the second account, agerelated declines in memory performance are due to a binding deficit at encoding that prevents information from being stored successfully into a memory representation that can later be retrieved (e.g., Chalfonte & Johnson, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is some evidence to suggest that having processed an irrelevant stimulus (for which there is an existing representation in memory) as a result of an inhibitory deficit confers an advantage in a subsequent priming task for older adults (Hasher et al, 1997;Kim et al, in press;Rowe et al, 2006). However, it remains unclear whether the additional information encoded by older adults can be bound into a memory representation with other processed information.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Ryan

Leung

Turk‐Browne

et al. 2007

Psychology and Aging

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Age-related memory deficits may result from attending to too much information (inhibition deficit) and/or storing too little information (binding deficit). The present study evaluated the inhibition and binding accounts by exploiting a situation in which deficits of inhibition should benefit relational memory binding. Older adults directed more viewing toward abrupt onsets in scenes compared with younger adults under instructions to ignore any such onsets, providing evidence for age-related inhibitory deficits, which were ameliorated with additional practice. Subsequently, objects that served as abrupt onsets underwent changes in their spatial relations. Despite successful inhibition of the onsets, eye movements of younger adults were attracted to manipulated objects. In contrast, the eye movements of older adults, who directed more viewing to the late onsets compared with younger adults, were not attracted toward manipulated regions. Similar differences between younger and older adults in viewing of manipulated regions were observed under free viewing conditions. These findings provide evidence for concurrent inhibition and binding deficits in older adults and demonstrate that age-related declines in inhibitory processing do not lead to enhanced relational memory for extraneous information.

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Prefrontal cortex and cognitive aging in macaque monkeys

Upright

Baxter

2021

American J Primatol

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Cognitive impairments that accompany aging, even in the absence of neurodegenerative diseases, include deficits in executive function and memory mediated by the prefrontal cortex. Because of the unique differentiation and expansion of the prefrontal cortex in primates, investigations of the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging in nonhuman primates have been particularly informative about the potential basis for age-related cognitive decline in humans. We review the cognitive functions mediated by specific subregions of prefrontal cortex, and their corresponding connections, as well as the evidence for age-related alterations in specific regions of prefrontal cortex. We also discuss evidence for similarities and differences in the effects of aging on prefrontal cortex across species.

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Attentional disregulation: A benefit for implicit memory.

Cited by 124 publications

References 40 publications

Timing is everything: Age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day.

Timing is everything: Age differences in the cognitive control network are modulated by time of day.

Assessment of age-related changes in inhibition and binding using eye movement monitoring.

Prefrontal cortex and cognitive aging in macaque monkeys

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