Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is Related to Decreased Weight in the Preschool Period and to Increased Rate of Overweight in School-Age Boys

Hanć, Tomasz; Słopień, Agnieszka; Wolańczyk, Tomasz; Szwed, Anita; Czapla, Z.; Durda, M; Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, Monika; Ratajczak, Joanna

doi:10.1089/cap.2014.0157

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Line differences appeared at PND 6, likely in response to the poor care afforded by High-Active dams. The finding that body mass was not significantly associated with genetic hyperactivity (after removing the rearing confound) supports studies that show ADHD not associated with weight [24] but not others which find a positive correlation between ADHD and weight gain [49, 50]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

The impact of maternal neglect on genetic hyperactivity

Majdak

Grogan

Gogola

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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Early environmental conditions are increasingly appreciated as critical in shaping behavior and cognition. Evidence suggests that stressful rearing environments can have an enduring impact on behaviors in adulthood, but few studies have explored the possibility that rearing environment could exacerbate genetic hyperactivity disorders. Uncovering a strong environmental influence on the transmission of hyperactivity could provide novel avenues for translational research. Recently we developed a selectively bred High-Active line of mice to model ADHD, providing a unique resource to address the question of environmental transmission. The High-Active line demonstrates transgenerational hyperactivity, but the influence of the postnatal environment (i.e. maternal care provided by dams) on hyperactivity had not been systemically quantified. This study employed a cross-fostering method to simultaneously address 1) whether High-Active and Control pups are provided with similar levels of care in the early environment, and 2) whether any differences in rearing environment influence hyperactive behavior. High-Active dams demonstrated impairment in all measures of maternal competence relative to Controls, which reduced survival rates and significantly reduced the body mass of offspring in early life and at weaning. While the deteriorated postnatal environment provided by High-Active dams was ultimately sufficient to depress Control activity, the hyperactivity of High-Active offspring remained unaffected by fostering condition. These data not only confirm the power of genetics to influence hyperactivity across generations, but also provide evidence that early rearing environments may not have a significant impact on the extreme end of hyperactive phenotypes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

The impact of maternal neglect on genetic hyperactivity

Majdak

Grogan

Gogola

et al. 2016

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…By contrast, participants with remitted ADHD were significantly more likely to be obese than those without childhood ADHD.The rates of obesity did not significantly differ between participants with persistent and remitted ADHD.Fliers et al (2013) [15]NetherlandsCross-sectionalTotal = 372 children with ADHD5–17Boys with ADHD aged 10–17 and girls aged 10–12 were more likely to be overweight than children in the general Dutch population. Younger girls and female teenagers, however, were at lower risk for being overweight.Gungor et al (2016) [16]TurkeyCross-sectionalTotal = 752ADHD = 362Controls = 3905–15Frequency of overweight/obesity according to Weigh For Height (WFH) criteria was significantly higher in the ADHD group compared with the control group (24.8 vs. 18.9%, p < 0.0001).Hanc et al (2015a) [17]PolandCross-sectionalTotal = 615ADHD = 219Controls = 3966–18ADHD was significantly related to higher rate of overweight, both when ADHD was treated as a single factor (unadjusted OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.40–3.81, p = 0.001) and after controlling for birth weight, place of residence, parents’ education, and income level (unadjusted OR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.40–3.81, p = 0.001; aOR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.38–4.29, p = 0.002).Hanc et al (2015b) [18]PolandThis study reports a retrospective analysis on participants from Hanc et al [17]. Total = 420ADHD = 112308 controls6–18At age 2 (retrospective analysis), children with ADHD were overweight/obese less frequently than controls (ADHD 10.71%, control group 20.13%, p = 0.02).At age 6 (retrospective analysis), children with ADHD were significantly more often diagnosed with underweight than boys without ADHD (8.93 vs. 3.25%, p = 0.02).Kummer et al (2016) [19]BrazilCross-sectionalADHD = 23Controls = 19ADHD 8.5 (2.4)Controls 8.6 (2.9)Children and adolescents with ADHD had significantly increased frequency of overweight and obesity ( p = 0.04) compared to controls.Nigg et al (2016) [20••]Note: this paper presents data from 2 empirical studies plus a meta-analysis.The first study is not pertinent for the present review since it presents data on BMI but not on rates of obesity (see Supplemental Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obesity: Update 2016

Cortese

Tessari

2017

Curr Psychiatry Rep

141

100

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While psychiatric comorbidities of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been extensively explored, less attention has been paid to somatic conditions possibly associated with this disorder. However, mounting evidence in the last decade pointed to a possible significant association between ADHD and certain somatic conditions, including obesity. This papers provides an update of a previous systematic review on the relationship between obesity and ADHD (Cortese and Vincenzi, Curr Top Behav Neurosci 9:199–218, 2012), focusing on pertinent peer-reviewed empirical papers published since 2012. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Knowledge databases (search dates: from January 1st, 2012, to July 16th, 2016). We retained a total of 41 studies, providing information on the prevalence of obesity in individuals with ADHD, focusing on the rates of ADHD in individuals with obesity, or reporting data useful to gain insight into possible mechanisms underlying the putative association between ADHD and obesity. Overall, over the past 4 years, an increasing number of studies have assessed the prevalence of obesity in individuals with ADHD or the rates of ADHD in patients with obesity. Although findings are mixed across individual studies, meta-analytic evidence shows a significant association between ADHD and obesity, regardless of possible confounding factors such as psychiatric comorbidities. An increasing number of studies have also addressed possible mechanisms underlying the link between ADHD and obesity, highlighting the role, among others, of abnormal eating patterns, sedentary lifestyle, and possible common genetic alterations. Importantly, recent longitudinal studies support a causal role of ADHD in contributing to weight gain. The next generation of studies in the field should explore if and to which extent the treatment of comorbid ADHD in individuals with obesity may lead to long-term weight loss, ultimately improving their overall well-being and quality of life.

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“…These findings suggest that body mass is disproportionally higher than normal in mice that lack functional NK1R. This would explain why the tendency for small body size of ADHD patients is not necessarily paralleled by a lower body weight (Hanć et al, 2015; Spencer et al, 1996). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This association seems bidirectional because a high incidence of ADHD in obese individuals is also evident (Agranat-Meged et al, 2005; Altfas, 2002; Fleming et al, 2005). Furthermore, older children with ADHD have a higher tendency to be overweight, despite being smaller, than children without ADHD (Hanć et al, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The NK1R-/- mouse phenotype suggests that small body size, with a sex- and diet-dependent excess in body mass and fat, are physical biomarkers for a human endophenotype with vulnerability to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2016

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The abnormal behaviour of NK1R-/- mice (locomotor hyperactivity, inattentiveness and impulsivity in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction-Time Test) is arguably analogous to that of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Evidence suggests that small body size and increased body weight are risk factors for ADHD. Here, we compared the body size, body mass and body composition of male and female NK1R-/- mice and their wildtypes that had been fed either standard laboratory chow or a high-fat (45%: ‘Western’) diet. Male NK1R-/- mice from both cohorts were approximately 7% shorter than wildtypes. A similar trend was evident in females. Male NK1R-/- mice fed the normal diet weighed less than wildtypes but the ‘body mass index’ (‘mBMI’: weight (mg)/length (cm)2) of female NK1R-/- mice was higher than wildtypes. When given the high-fat diet, the mBMI of both male and female NK1R-/- mice was higher than wildtypes. There were no consistent genotype or sex differences in protein, ash or water content of mice from the two cohorts. However, the fat content of male NK1R-/- mice on the Western diet was considerably (35%) higher than wildtypes and resembled that of females from both genotypes. We conclude that a lack of functional NK1R is associated with small body size but increases vulnerability to an increase in mBMI and fat content, especially in males. This phenotype could also be evident in ADHD patients with polymorphism(s) of the TACR1 gene (the human equivalent of Nk1r).

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is Related to Decreased Weight in the Preschool Period and to Increased Rate of Overweight in School-Age Boys

Cited by 25 publications

References 53 publications

The impact of maternal neglect on genetic hyperactivity

The impact of maternal neglect on genetic hyperactivity

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Obesity: Update 2016

The NK1R-/- mouse phenotype suggests that small body size, with a sex- and diet-dependent excess in body mass and fat, are physical biomarkers for a human endophenotype with vulnerability to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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