Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a high intellectual quotient/giftedness

Antshel, Kevin M.

doi:10.1002/ddrr.34

Cited by 38 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…intellectual disability on the one hand, or giftedness on the other [92], [93]. Especially for the latter, the pattern of clinical comorbidities, associated phenomenon and prognosis appears similar to ADHD with average IQ [92], [94], [95]. Conversely, the clinical relevance of IQ is underscored by its relationship with treatment response and functional outcome in a number of studies [14]–[19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2012

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and intelligence (IQ) are both heritable phenotypes. Overlapping genetic effects have been suggested to influence both, with neuroimaging work suggesting similar overlap in terms of morphometric properties of the brain. Together, this evidence suggests that the brain changes characteristic of ADHD may vary as a function of IQ. This study investigated this hypothesis in a sample of 108 children with ADHD and 106 typically developing controls, who participated in a cross-sectional anatomical MRI study. A subgroup of 64 children also participated in a diffusion tensor imaging scan. Brain volumes, local cortical thickness and average cerebral white matter microstructure were analyzed in relation to diagnostic group and IQ. Dimensional analyses investigated possible group differences in the relationship between anatomical measures and IQ. Second, the groups were split into above and below median IQ subgroups to investigate possible differences in the trajectories of cortical development. Dimensionally, cerebral gray matter volume and cerebral white matter microstructure were positively associated with IQ for controls, but not for ADHD. In the analyses of the below and above median IQ subgroups, we found no differences from controls in cerebral gray matter volume in ADHD with below-median IQ, but a delay of cortical development in a number of regions, including prefrontal areas. Conversely, in ADHD with above-median IQ, there were significant reductions from controls in cerebral gray matter volume, but no local differences in the trajectories of cortical development.In conclusion, the basic relationship between IQ and neuroanatomy appears to be altered in ADHD. Our results suggest that there may be multiple brain phenotypes associated with ADHD, where ADHD combined with above median IQ is characterized by small, more global reductions in brain volume that are stable over development, whereas ADHD with below median IQ is associated more with a delay of cortical development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies that have addressed this issue have often focus on the extremes of the spectrum, i.e. intellectual disability on the one hand, or giftedness on the other [92], [93]. Especially for the latter, the pattern of clinical comorbidities, associated phenomenon and prognosis appears similar to ADHD with average IQ [92], [94], [95].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2012

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“…This may for instance, be the case in some inattentive but talented people in whom high general cognitive ability and a structured environment may have helped them to cope during childhood and adolescence. The problem of inattention may remain unrecognised until they tried to live independently from their parents and were faced with the organisational and attentional demands of higher education or employment [192]. …”

Section: How Can Adhd In Adults Be Properly Diagnosed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD

Kooij¹,

Bejerot²,

et al. 2010

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BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders of childhood that persists into adulthood in the majority of cases. The evidence on persistence poses several difficulties for adult psychiatry considering the lack of expertise for diagnostic assessment, limited treatment options and patient facilities across Europe.MethodsThe European Network Adult ADHD, founded in 2003, aims to increase awareness of this disorder and improve knowledge and patient care for adults with ADHD across Europe. This Consensus Statement is one of the actions taken by the European Network Adult ADHD in order to support the clinician with research evidence and clinical experience from 18 European countries in which ADHD in adults is recognised and treated.ResultsBesides information on the genetics and neurobiology of ADHD, three major questions are addressed in this statement: (1) What is the clinical picture of ADHD in adults? (2) How can ADHD in adults be properly diagnosed? (3) How should ADHD in adults be effectively treated?ConclusionsADHD often presents as an impairing lifelong condition in adults, yet it is currently underdiagnosed and treated in many European countries, leading to ineffective treatment and higher costs of illness. Expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of ADHD in adults must increase in psychiatry. Instruments for screening and diagnosis of ADHD in adults are available and appropriate treatments exist, although more research is needed in this age group.

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“…2 There are two apparently conflicting ideas regarding the intellectually gifted: the first is that high IQ is a protective factor for psychopathological phenomena (''the cognitive reserve'' concept); the second arises from the anecdotal idea that ''geniuses'' are eccentric, distracted, careless, and lack common sense. It is also a common observation that a number of intelligent individuals fail to perform accordingly in their academic, professional, and interpersonal areas, 3,4 and, recently, Duckworth et al proposed that self-discipline is a better predictor of performance than IQ. 5 Gifted individuals with disabilities have been lately labeled as ''twice-exceptionals,'' 4 even though not much is known about how intellectual giftedness might relate to psychopathologies, which may play a negative role in the performance of these individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

Minahim

Rohde

2015

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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Objective: To evaluate the presence of symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in intellectually gifted adults and children. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were performed in children and adults whose intelligence quotient (IQ) had been previously evaluated using Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM) test. Seventyseven adults displaying IQ scores above the 98th percentile were assessed using the Adult SelfReport Scale (ASRS-18) for signs of ADHD and a modified Waldrop scale for minor physical anomalies (MPAs). Thirty-nine children (grades 1-5) exhibiting IQ scores above the 99th percentile, as well as an equally matched control group, were assessed for ADHD by teachers using the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham IV Rating Scale (SNAP-IV) as used in the NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA-SNAP-IV). Results: In gifted adults, the frequency of ADHD-positive cases was 37.8%, and the total MPA score was significantly associated with ADHD (p o 0.001). In children, the ADHD-positive case frequency was 15.38% in the gifted group and 7.69% in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 2.18, p = 0.288). Conclusions: The high frequency of ADHD symptoms observed, both in gifted adults and in gifted (and non-gifted) children, further supports the validity of this diagnosis in this population. Furthermore, the significant association between MPAs and ADHD suggests that a neurodevelopmental condition underlies these symptoms.

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Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the context of a high intellectual quotient/giftedness

Cited by 38 publications

References 74 publications

Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and intellectual giftedness: a study of symptom frequency and minor physical anomalies

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