Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis

Franz, Adelar Pedro; Bolat, Gül Ünsel; Bolat, Hilmi; Matijasevich, Alícia; Santos, Iná S.; Silveira, Rita de Cássia dos Santos; Procianoy, Renato S.; Rohde, Luís Augusto; Maia, Carlos Renato Moreira

doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1645

Cited by 219 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…In relation to environmental factors, severe early maternal deprivation appears to have a causal role [22]. However, other environmental factors such as maternal smoking and alcohol use, low birth weight, premature birth, and exposure to environmental toxins have also been associated with ADHD symptoms [23,24].…”

Section: Neurobiological Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Leffa

Torres

Rohde

2018

Neuroimmunomodulation

122

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition that impairs quality of life in social, academic, and occupational contexts for both children and adults. Although a strong neurobiological basis has been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is still poorly understood. Among the proposed mechanisms are glial activation, neuronal damage and degeneration, increased oxidative stress, reduced neurotrophic support, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this way, a potential role of inflammation has been increasingly researched. However, evidence for the involvement of inflammation in ADHD is still scarce and comes mainly from (1) observational studies showing a strong comorbidity of ADHD with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders; (2) studies evaluating serum inflammatory markers; and (3) genetic studies. A co-occurrence of ADHD with inflammatory disorders has been demonstrated in a large number of subjects, suggesting a range of underlying mechanisms such as an altered immune response, common genetics, and environmental links. The evaluation of serum inflammatory markers has provided mixed results, likely due to the small sample sizes and high heterogeneity between biomarkers. However, there is evidence that increased inflammation during the early development may be a risk factor for ADHD symptoms. Although genetic studies have demonstrated a potential role for inflammation in this disorder, there is no clear evidence. To sum up, inflammation may be an important mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology, but more studies are still needed for a more precise conclusion.

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Section: Neurobiological Basismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Leffa

Torres

Rohde

2018

Neuroimmunomodulation

122

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“…However, globally, complications related to preterm birth remain a major cause of neonatal and under‐5 mortality (Liu et al., ). Preterm individuals also are at substantially higher risk of impairments affecting multiple organ systems (Haraldsdottir et al., ; Huang, Lin, Wang, Su, & Lin, ; Parkinson, Hyde, Gale, Santhakumaran, & Modi, ), including potentially disabling neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders (Agrawal, Rao, Bulsara, & Patole, ; Franz et al., ; Heuvelman et al., ; Nosarti et al., ; Sutton & Darmstadt, ). This highlights the importance of determining the mechanisms behind preterm birth and how these mechanisms might relate to the difficulties faced later in life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the genetics of preterm birth

Wadon

Modi

Wong

et al. 2019

Annals of Human Genetics

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Preterm birth is associated with short‐ and long‐term impairments affecting physical, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric health. These sequelae, together with a rising preterm birth rate and increased survival, make prematurity a growing public health issue because of the increased number of individuals with impaired health throughout the life span. Although a major contribution to preterm birth comes from environmental factors, it is also modestly heritable. Little is known about the architecture of this genetic contribution. Studies of common and of rare genetic variation have had limited power, but recent findings implicate variation in both the maternal and fetal genome. There is some evidence risk alleles in mothers may be enriched for processes related to immunity and inflammation, and in the preterm infant, processes related to brain development. Overall genomic discoveries for preterm birth lag behind progress for many other multifactorial diseases and traits. Investigations focusing on gene–environment interactions may also provide insights, but these studies still have a number of limitations. Adequately sized genetic studies of preterm birth are a priority for the future especially given the breadth of its negative health impacts across the life span and the current interest in newborn genome sequencing.

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“…We propose here some explanations for the higher incidence of ADHD in children with amblyopia. First, ADHD is a multifactorial disease with some known risk factors, including maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy, a low birth weight, a high‐blood lead level and a family history of ADHD . It is possible that ADHD and amblyopia share one or more predisposing factors, although we had adjusted for known comorbidities in our regression analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and risk of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with amblyopia: A nationwide cohort study

Tsai

et al. 2019

Clinical Exper Ophthalmology

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Importance The association between visual deficits and attention disorders has been reported but remains unproven. Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with amblyopia. Design Population‐based, cohort study. Participants The dataset from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database in 2000 to 2010. Methods A total of 6817 patients aged <18 years with newly diagnosed amblyopia were identified. Four age‐ and sex‐matched controls without amblyopia were included for each patient, that is, 27268 controls. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the risk of ADHD. The secondary outcomes were age at ADHD onset and use of ADHD medication. Results During a mean observation period of 7.18 years, the incidence of ADHD per 1000 person‐years was 7.02 in the amblyopia group and 4.61 in the control group (P < 0.0001). The ADHD risk in the amblyopia group was 1.81 times that in the control group (hazard ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval 1.59‐2.06). After stratification by amblyopia subtype, the greatest risk was in the deprivation type (hazard ratio 2.14; 95% confidence interval 1.56‐2.92) followed by the strabismic (hazard ratio 2.09; 95% confidence interval 1.15‐3.79) and refractive (hazard ratio 1.76; 95% confidence interval 1.54‐2.02) types. Age at ADHD onset was younger in the amblyopia group (median 8.14 vs 8.45 years; P = 0.0096). The average duration of neuropsychiatric medication use was comparable between groups (P = 0.98). Conclusions and Relevance The ADHD risk is higher in children with amblyopia.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Very Preterm/Very Low Birth Weight: A Meta-analysis

Cited by 219 publications

References 76 publications

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A Review on the Role of Inflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Recent advances in the genetics of preterm birth

Incidence and risk of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with amblyopia: A nationwide cohort study

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