Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Harstad, Elizabeth; Levy, Sharon; Ammerman, Seth; Gonzalez, Pamela K.; Ryan, Sheryl; Siqueira, Lorena M.; Smith, Vincent C.

doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0992

Cited by 99 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…In addition, stimulants such as Ritalin normalize the hyperactivity associated with ADHD, and, consistent with this, we found that cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization was blunted in mice that received extended periods of sensory stimulation. Finally, children with ADHD have an increased risk for the development of drug abuse and addiction (Harstad and Levy, 2014), and we found that mice that received sensory stimulation displayed an increase in the rewarding effects of cocaine, indicating an enhanced vulnerability to drugs of abuse. Thus, the excessive sensory stimulation paradigm provides a highly relevant model to understand how environments that contain excessive and ill-patterned stimuli influence behavioral outcomes, change neuroplasticity, and influence the propensity to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as ADHD and addiction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Excessive Sensory Stimulation during Development Alters Neural Plasticity and Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice

Ravinder¹,

Donckels²,

Ramirez³

et al. 2016

eneuro

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Early life experiences affect the formation of neuronal networks, which can have a profound impact on brain function and behavior later in life. Previous work has shown that mice exposed to excessive sensory stimulation during development are hyperactive and novelty seeking, and display impaired cognition compared with controls. In this study, we addressed the issue of whether excessive sensory stimulation during development could alter behaviors related to addiction and underlying circuitry in CD-1 mice. We found that the reinforcing properties of cocaine were significantly enhanced in mice exposed to excessive sensory stimulation. Moreover, although these mice displayed hyperactivity that became more pronounced over time, they showed impaired persistence of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization. These behavioral effects were associated with alterations in glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Together, these findings suggest that excessive sensory stimulation in early life significantly alters drug reward and the neural circuits that regulate addiction and attention deficit hyperactivity. These observations highlight the consequences of early life experiences and may have important implications for children growing up in today’s complex technological environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Excessive Sensory Stimulation during Development Alters Neural Plasticity and Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice

Ravinder¹,

Donckels²,

Ramirez³

et al. 2016

eneuro

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Children with these disorders are at increased risk for substance abuse and addiction during young adulthood (Harstad and Levy, 2014; Levy et al, 2014; Salvo et al, 2012; Zonnevylle-Bender et al, 2007), including abuse of psychostimulant medications used to treat ADHD symptoms (Faraone and Wilens, 2007; Wilens et al, 2008). The results from this study suggest that early-life antipsychotic drug exposure may raise sensitivity to some behavioral effects of psychostimulants later in life, eliciting concern regarding greater substance abuse potential in children treated with antipsychotic drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-life risperidone enhances locomotor responses to amphetamine during adulthood

Stubbeman

Brown

Yates

et al. 2017

European Journal of Pharmacology

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Antipsychotic drug prescriptions for pediatric populations have increased over the past 20 years, particularly the use of atypical antipsychotic drugs such as risperidone. Most antipsychotic drugs target forebrain dopamine systems, and early-life antipsychotic drug exposure could conceivably reset forebrain neurotransmitter function in a permanent manner that persists into adulthood. This study determined whether chronic risperidone administration during development modified locomotor responses to the dopamine/norepinephrine agonist, D-amphetamine, in adult rats. Thirty-five male Long-Evans rats received an injection of one of four doses of risperidone (vehicle, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) each day from postnatal day 14 through 42. Locomotor activity was measured for 1 h on postnatal days 46 and 47, and then for 24 h once a week over the next two weeks. Beginning on postnatal day 75, rats received one of four doses of amphetamine (saline, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg) once a week for four weeks. Locomotor activity was measured for 27 h after amphetamine injection. Rats administered risperidone early in life demonstrated increased activity during the 1 and 24 h test sessions conducted prior to postnatal day 75. Taking into account baseline group differences, these same rats exhibited significantly more locomotor activity in response to the moderate dose of amphetamine relative to controls. These results suggest that early-life treatment with atypical antipsychotic drugs, like risperidone, permanently alters forebrain catecholamine function and increases sensitivity to drugs that target such function.

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“…1 ADHD often results in impairments in multiple domains, including academics, interpersonal relationships, classroom behavior, and self-esteem. 2 ADHD is associated with higher rates of other psychiatric disorders, 3, 4 substance abuse, 5–7 and suicide. 3 These negative effects underscore the importance of accurately diagnosing children and adolescents with ADHD and monitoring treatment effects over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance-Learning, ADHD Quality Improvement in Primary Care: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

Fiks

Mayne

Michel

et al. 2017

J Dev Behav Pediatr

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Objective To evaluate a distance-learning, quality improvement intervention to improve pediatric primary care provider use of ADHD rating scales. Method Primary care practices were cluster-randomized to a 3-part distance-learning, quality improvement intervention (web-based education, collaborative consultation with ADHD experts, and performance feedback reports/calls), qualifying for Maintenance of Certification (MOC) Part IV credit, or wait-list control. We compared changes relative to a baseline period in rating scale use by study arm using logistic regression clustered by practice (primary analysis) and examined effect modification by level of clinician participation. An electronic health record-linked system for gathering ADHD rating scales from parents and teachers was implemented prior to the intervention period at all sites. Rating scale use was ascertained by manual chart review. Results 105 clinicians at 19 sites participated. Differences between arms were not significant. From the baseline to intervention period and following implementation of the electronic system, clinicians in both study arms were significantly more likely to administer and receive parent and teacher rating scales. Among intervention clinicians, those who participated in at least one feedback call or qualified for MOC credit were more likely to give parents rating scales with differences of 14.2 (95% confidence interval: 0.6, 27.7) and 18.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.9, 35.7) percentage points, respectively. Conclusion A 3-part clinician-focused distance-learning, quality improvement intervention did not improve rating scale use. Complementary strategies that support workflows and more fully engage clinicians may be needed to bolster care. Electronic systems that gather rating scales may help achieve this goal.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Cited by 99 publications

References 75 publications

Excessive Sensory Stimulation during Development Alters Neural Plasticity and Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice

Excessive Sensory Stimulation during Development Alters Neural Plasticity and Vulnerability to Cocaine in Mice

Early-life risperidone enhances locomotor responses to amphetamine during adulthood

Distance-Learning, ADHD Quality Improvement in Primary Care: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

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