Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder in school-aged children in Saudi Arabia

Alqahtani, Mohammed M. J.

doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1190-y

Cited by 40 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…One outcome study with two years follow-up revealed that infants rarely continue to have gratification phenomena beyond the age of two years 7 . Four of our children (21%) developed features suggestive of ADHD, which is much higher than the prevalence figures in our region that do not exceed 6% of normal pre-school children 16,17 . These infants tended to be younger of age at onset and had higher attack frequency.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Long-term Outcome of Infantile Gratification Phenomena

Jan

Banji

Fallatah

2013

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

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416Gratification phenomena in infants, also known as infantile masturbation, are self-stimulatory behaviors that have tendency to become a habit 1 . They are generally not well recognized by general practitioners and pediatricians, resulting in misdiagnoses that often include epilepsy, recurrent abdominal pain, and paroxysmal dystonia or dyskinesia 1 . Gratification phenomena may begin from very early age, typically after two to three months of age 2,3 . Stereotypic motor manifestations include lower limbs scissoring posture and repetitive pelvic movements with rubbing the thighs together and rocking the genital region against the bed or other objects, such as the infant seat or its belt [4][5][6] . The paroxysmal movements are typically associated with grunting, facial flushing, and irregular breathing, which are all followed by sweating and exhaustion. The infant may not appear ABSTRACT: Background: Infantile gratification phenomena are self-stimulatory behaviors that are often misdiagnosed as epilepsy. Although the prognosis is thought to be benign, limited long-term follow-up studies exist. This was the objective of our study in addition to exploring the risks of future developmental, behavioral, or neurological abnormalities. Methods: Series of consecutive infants with gratification phenomena were identified both retrospectively and prospectively over an eight year period from a single pediatric neurology service. The diagnosis was based on descriptive history, review of videotaped events, lack of neurological or developmental abnormalities, and normal routine electroencephalogram. Results: Nineteen infants were followed for 3-11 years (mean 7.1). Their ages ranged between 4-13 months (mean 7) with 79% females. The diagnosis was not reached by the referring physician and 74% were misdiagnosed as epilepsy or movement disorder. The episodes recurred with variable frequency with gradual reduction in number and increase in length of attack-free periods with advancing age. Complete remission was noted in all patients by age 1-3 years (mean 1.9). However, 4 children (21%) developed features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) on long-term follow up. In this group, the gratification phenomena appeared at a younger age with higher attack frequency. Conclusions: Gratification phenomena in infants are benign and self-limited, often spontaneously disappearing by two years of age. A correlation with future ADHD was found; however, larger prospective studies are needed to further examine this possible association.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 71%

Long-term Outcome of Infantile Gratification Phenomena

Jan

Banji

Fallatah

2013

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

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“…Prevalence varies from country to country. In Nigeria, for instance, the latest prevalence is 3.2% [6], while in other African countries, such as South Africa, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Ethiopia, the reported prevalence varies from 5.4% to 8.7% [7]. The reported prevalence from other continents follows a similar trend.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Epidemiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Chinawa¹,

Obu²

2015

ADHD - New Directions in Diagnosis and Treatment

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Abstract"ttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder "DHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized with attention deficits, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness. The prevalence of "DHD varies from country to country and from various cultural and geographical zones. The pattern and distribution of "DHD also vary with gender and age. It has also been noted that some factors are associated with "DHD. For instance, some central nervous system anomalies had been associated with "DHD. Genetic and environmental risk factors have also been implicated. Some conduct and learning disorders have also been associated with "DHD. Of recent, some cardiac anomalies and behavioral disorders such as enuresis and encopresis have all been associated with children with "DHD.Conclusion "ttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder "DHD , a neuropsychiatric disorder, varies in prevalence from one country to another with several associations.

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“…1 The prevalence of ADHD in children in the west has been reported as being between 2% and 5.5%. 1,2 In Saudi Arabia, there have been studies that have placed the prevalence of ADHD at being between 2.7% and 4.2% on average, 3 with reports of incidence as high as 7% in male students. [3][4][5] It is generally accepted that the prevalence of ADHD reduces with age with the typical adult rates being between 1.2% and 2.7%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Salivary Mercury Levels in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder When Compared to Age-matched Controls: A Case-control Observational Study

Barry

Almotawah

Pani

et al. 2020

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the level of mercury in the saliva of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as compared to age-and gender-matched controls in specific age groups. Materials and methods: A case-control observational study design was used. In school children with ADHD and outpatient dental clinics of a university dental hospital, the participants were schoolchildren diagnosed with ADHD studying in the first grade (6-7 years), sixth grade (12-13 years), and ninth grade (15-16 years) and were gender-matched to children without ADHD attending regular classes in school. Ninety children with ADHD comprised the test group while 90 children without ADHD comprised the control group. Results: In this study, we found that children with ADHD had higher levels of salivary mercury than their age-and gender-matched counterparts; however, this difference was significant only in the 6-7 years of age group. The regression model showed a mild positive association between salivary mercury and ADHD; however, the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion: While there is some indication that salivary mercury may be higher in children with ADHD, there is insufficient evidence to establish a definite association between the two. Clinical significance: The study highlights the need to evaluate existing evidence on the role of mercury, especially salivary mercury, in ADHD.

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Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder in school-aged children in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 40 publications

References 19 publications

Long-term Outcome of Infantile Gratification Phenomena

Long-term Outcome of Infantile Gratification Phenomena

Epidemiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

A Comparison of Salivary Mercury Levels in Children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder When Compared to Age-matched Controls: A Case-control Observational Study

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