Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder among Primary School Children in Menoufia Governorate, Egypt

Abstract

Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral problem in children. Global variations in diagnostic criteria and rating scales of ADHD either by DSM-IV or ICD 10 may contribute to variations in its prevalence. Objectives. The study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of ADHD and to determine its risk factors. Methodology. A cross-section comparative study was conducted in a randomly selected four primary schools in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. All children after a valid consent of their parents (N. 1362) were subjected to complete history taking, medical and psychological assessment, and IQ estimation. Their parents and teachers were subjected to the corresponding Arabic forms of Conner's questionnaire. Suspected cases were confirmed and categorized by DSM-IV criteria. The sample was divided into cases and controls to study the risk factors. Results. Prevalence of ADHD was 6.9% and the male : female ratio was 3.5 : 1. The main risk factors were neonatal problems (OR = 4.3), family history of psychiatric and medical illnesses (OR = 3.5 and 2.8), and male gender (OR = 2.9). Conclusion. Prevalence of ADHD among Menoufia school children was 6.9%. Dealing with its risk factors is mandatory for prevention, early management, and better outcome.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in A Rural Area of Sohag Governorate

“…Regarding gender, this study found significantly higher prevalence of ADHD among boys (14.5) than girls (3.6). This is consistent with results reported by studies conducted in Egypt 11,15,16,18 , Iran 20,21 , Iraq 22 and China. 23 On the other hand, studies conducted in Qalyobia 14 and Alexandria 17 (Egypt) found no significant differences between prevalence of ADHD among males and females.…”

“…The prevalence rate of ADHD among the studied students in this study was 9.6%. The reported rate in this study is higher than that reported by studies conducted in Menofia governorate, Egypt (2014) 11 (6.9% among 1,362 primary school students), El-Minia city, Egypt (2010) 15 and other studies in Egypt may be due to differences in age of the children under study and differences in the sample size and tool and methodology of the study in addition to differences in the sociodemographic and cultural characteristics of the study population. Alhraiwil, et al 2015 19 in their review about ADHD in Arab countries found that studies which used Conner rating scale for parents and teachers showed prevalence range of ADHD between 3.4% and 9.9%, on the other hand studies which used clinical interviews (in Egypt) or self-reported questionnaire (in Iraq) showed prevalence range between 14.75% to 19.6%.…”

“…Sample size calculation was based on prevalence of ADHD of 6.9% (P = 0.069). 11 With a power of 80% and confidence level of 95% and a design effect of 2, the sample needed for the study was 548 students. The sample was increased to 854.…”

Epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…The characteristics of these studies are summarized in Table 1. Selected studies were conducted in Nigeria [30][31][32], Sudan [33], Uganda [34], Congo [35], Kenya [36,37], Egypt [38][39][40][41], and Ethiopia [42]. Age at diagnosis of ADHD varies from 4 to 18 years.…”

A Study of the Role of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Gene Polymorphism in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Khaled Ismail Abd El-Shakoor1, Tarek Mostafa Kamal2, Eman Ahmed Zaky3, Howida Hossny ElGebaly4. 1: Pediatric Specialist, Ministry of Health, Medical student at Medical Studies Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Childhood Studies, Ain Shams University, Egypt. 2: Consultant of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine - Ain Shams University, Egypt. 3: Profes

“…However, another study in Menoufia Governate, Egypt among ADHD primary school children by Farahat et al, (2014) reported a ratio of 1:3.5, this ratio difference could be attributed to the hospital-based sample in the current study versus a community based last mentioned study.12…”