Attention Deficit Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years

Cantwell, Dennis P.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199608000-00008

Cited by 630 publications

(420 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, in Experiment 2 the male to female ratio of participants in both groups was chosen based on the male to female ratio in clinically diagnosed individuals with ADHD, which is approximately 4:1 (Cantwell, 1996). Because similar findings were obtained in both Experiment 1 and 2, it is unlikely that gender composition had any substantial impact on the results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: Comparisons with alcohol intoxication.

Weafer

Camarillo

Fillmore

et al. 2008

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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Previous research has demonstrated that adults with ADHD are more likely to experience drivingrelated problems, which suggests that they may exhibit poorer driving performance. However, direct experimental evidence of this hypothesis is limited. The current study involved two experiments that evaluated driving performance in adults with ADHD in terms of the types of driving decrements typically associated with alcohol intoxication. Experiment 1 compared the simulated driving performance of 15 adults with ADHD to 23 adult control participants, who performed the task both while sober and intoxicated. Results showed that sober adults with ADHD exhibited decrements in driving performance compared to sober controls, and that the profile of impairment for the sober ADHD group did in fact resemble that of intoxicated drivers at the BAC level for legally impaired driving in the United States. Driving impairment of the intoxicated individuals was characterized by greater deviation of lane position, faster and more abrupt steering maneuvers, and increased speed variability. Experiment 2 was a dose-challenge study in which 8 adults with ADHD and 8 controls performed the driving simulation task under three doses of alcohol: 0.65 g/kg, 0.45 g/kg, and 0.0 g/kg (placebo). Results showed that driving performance in both groups was impaired in response to alcohol, and that individuals with ADHD exhibited generally poorer driving performance than did controls across all dose conditions. Together the findings provide compelling evidence to suggest that the cognitive and behavioral deficits associated with ADHD might impair driving performance in such a manner as to resemble that of an alcohol intoxicated driver. Moreover, alcohol might impair the performance of drivers with ADHD in an additive fashion that could considerably compromise their driving skill even at blood alcohol concentrations below the legal limit.The behavioral problems associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult populations have been the focus of increased interest among researchers in recent years. Although the majority of diagnoses occur during childhood, recent studies suggest that the disorder persists into adulthood in approximately 60% to 80% of cases (e.g., Barkley, Fischer, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2002;Weiss, Hechtman, & Weiss, 1999;Wender, 1995). During childhood, the problems associated with ADHD are characterized by heightened impulsivity and impaired inhibitory and attentional mechanisms. These cognitive and behavioral problems adversely impact the child's academic performance as evident by Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mark Fillmore, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Fax (859) ; fillmore@uky.edu. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript poor grades and disruptive classroom behavior (Frazier, Youngstrom, Glutting, & Watkins, 2007). Not surprisingly, for adults with ADHD, the cognitive impairments ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: Comparisons with alcohol intoxication.

Weafer

Camarillo

Fillmore

et al. 2008

Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology

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“…In up to 30% of ADHD cases, methylphenidate fails to improve or even worsens symptoms such as deficient action inhibition (Cantwell 1996;Krause et al 2005), perhaps because MPH only improves deficient action inhibition in the cases that have the most pronounced action-inhibition deficits. One hypothesis is that the effectiveness of methylphenidate treatment of ADHD symptoms is correlated with DAT availability in the striatum (Krause et al 2005), although the direct relationship between DAT availability and either action-restraint or action-cancellation forms of inhibition is unclear.…”

Section: Evidence For Baseline Dependence Of Psychostimulant Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

2008

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Background and rationale The term 'action inhibition' encapsulates the ability to prevent any form of planned physical response. Growing evidence suggests that different 'stages' or even subtypes of action inhibition activate subtly different neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical processes. Objectives In this review, we present evidence from two commonly used and apparently similar behavioural tests, the stop-signal task and the go/no-go task, to determine if these have similar neuroanatomical and neurochemical modulation. Results Whilst performance of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks is modulated across only subtly different anatomical networks, serotonin (5-HT) is strongly implicated in inhibitory control on the go/no-go but not the stop-signal task, whereas the stop-signal reaction time appears more sensitive to the action of noradrenaline. Conclusions There is clear neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical evidence that stop-signal and go/no-go tasks represent different forms of action inhibition. This evidence translates with remarkable consistency across species. We discuss the possible implications of this evidence with respect to the development of novel therapeutic treatments for disorders in which inhibitory deficits are prominent and debilitating.

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“…Males are generally more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than females, with a male to female ratio of approximately 4:1 in community samples. 16 In the DSM-IV field trials, the sex ratio varied across subtypes. 17 Studies exploring gender differences in prevalence and characteristics of ADHD provide inconsistent findings depending on the type of sample used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Age Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Diagnoses: Implications for DSM-V and ICD-11

Ramtekkar

Reiersen

Todorov

et al. 2010

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

297

234

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Objective-To examine gender and age differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptom endorsement in a large community-based sample.Method-Families with four or more full siblings ascertained from Missouri birth records completed telephone interviews regarding lifetime DSM-IV ADHD symptoms and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) questionnaire for current ADHD symptoms. Complete data were available for 9380 subjects aged 7 to 29 years. Lifetime and current DSM-IV-like ADHD diagnoses were assigned by the DSM-IV symptom criterion. Linear regression was used to examine sex and age effects on SWAN ADHD symptom scores. Logistic regression was used to examine sex and age effects on specific ADHD diagnoses. Fractional polynomial graphs were used to examine ADHD symptom count variations across age.Results-Overall prevalence of current DSM-IV-like ADHD was 9.2% with a male:female ratio of 2.28:1. The prevalence of DSM-IV-like ADHD was highest in children. Gender differences in DSM-IV-like ADHD subtype prevalences were highest in adolescents. On average, individuals with lifetime DSM-IV-like ADHD diagnoses had elevated current ADHD symptoms even as adolescents or adults.Conclusions-Lower male:female ratios than reported in some clinic-based studies suggest that females are under-diagnosed in the community. Although they may no longer meet the full symptom criterion, young adults with a history of lifetime DSM-IV-like ADHD maintain higher levels of ADHD symptoms compared to the general population. The use of age-specific diagnostic criteria should be considered for DSM-V and ICD-11.

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Attention Deficit Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years

Cited by 630 publications

References 29 publications

Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: Comparisons with alcohol intoxication.

Simulated driving performance of adults with ADHD: Comparisons with alcohol intoxication.

The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks

Sex and Age Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Diagnoses: Implications for DSM-V and ICD-11

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