“…These tools are usually achieved by overexpression or knockdown of particular target genes, all requiring an efficient way to deliver DNA into crustacean cell cultures. A variety of techniques have been exploited for this purpose, including lipofection (Tapay et al, 1995;Claydon and Owens, 2008), electroporation (Lin and Söderhäll, 2011;Han et al, 2015;Shi et al, 2018), retroviral transduction (Shike et al, 2000;Hu et al, 2008Hu et al, , 2010Han et al, 2015;Puthumana et al, 2015;Pu et al, 2017), and baculovirus transduction (Lu et al, 2005;Puthumana et al, 2016). However, all have yielded low efficiencies of gene transfer and expression, and there remains a need for a robust system that can deliver transgenes into crustacean cells.…”