Attachment of bacteriophages MS2 and ΦX174 onto kaolinite and montmorillonite: Extended-DLVO interactions

Adsorption of MS2 on oxide nanoparticles affects chlorine disinfection and solar inactivation

“…It should be noted that although the same mass dose of NPs was used, the adsorption capacity of MS2 on different oxide NPs might not be worth comparing, since these oxide NPs could have different primary particle sizes and aggregation states that results in different available surface areas for MS2 to adsorb onto. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within the initial few minutes and up to 1 h, which is comparable to the equilibrium time of MS2 and FX174 adsorption onto clay materials (Chrysikopoulos and Syngouna, 2012). There is a concern that some naturally inactivated MS2 may be falsely counted as those inactivated by exposure or interactions with NPs.…”

“…The relevant parameters used in the calculation are shown in Table 1. Particularly, the combined Hamaker constant for asymmetric dispersion interactions, A 132 , between NPs (1) and MS2 (2) in water (3) can be estimated by a geometric mean combining rule (Chrysikopoulos and Syngouna, 2012;Yoon et al, 1997):…”

“…One of the pathways for virus survival is sorption onto colloid particles that could carry viruses through water treatment processes and retain viral infectivity for a long time. Recent research has shown that colloids can facilitate virus transport in groundwater aquifers by adsorbing the viruses (Chrysikopoulos and Aravantinou, 2014;Katzourakis and Chrysikopoulos, 2014). Meanwhile, enmeshment within floc particles and aggregation into viral clumps may protect viruses from UV disinfection (Templeton et al, 2006(Templeton et al, , 2003(Templeton et al, , 2008.…”

Long-range attractive forces extending from the alumina’s nanolayer surface in aqueous solutions

“…Zeta potential is fairly insensitive within a pH range of pH6 to pH9 [38]. The zeta potential of MS2 (ζ MS2~− (33-38) mV [36]) is similar to that of E. coli.…”

“…The IEP value of MS2 bacteriophage in different environments, based on the averaging of 10 measurements, shows a mean IEP value of 3.5 ± 0.6 and with the discrepancy in IEP (ΔIEP) of 1.8 from 2.2 to 4.0 [34]. Recent studies by Duek et al [35] and Chrysikopoulos et al [36] determined the alteration of the IEP by a change in water chemistry (e.g., ionic strength or ionic composition) with IEP of the former case in the range from less than 2 at ionic strengths of 0.0 mM and 2.6 mM to IEP of 4.4 in the latter case that was measured in double distilled water. In the case where clean colloidal particles are suspended in absolute pure water, the point of zero charge (PZC), which is characteristic to the particle's surface, can be determined.…”