Attachment insecurity predicts child active resistance to parental requests in a compliance task

Kok, Rianne; IJzendoorn, Marinus H. van; Linting, Mariëlle; Bakermans‐Kranenburg, Marian J.; Tharner, Anne; Luijk, Maartje P.C.M.; Székely, Eszter; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.; Hofman, Albert; Verhulst, Frank C.; Tiemeier, Henning

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01374.x

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The ICC was 0.81 for the 3-year measurement and 0.84 for the 4-year measurement. 35,36 Sensitivity scores of the primary caregivers were only moderately stable across 1 to 4 years of age (range, 0.10-0.32). The highest stability estimates were observed across short (i.e., 1-to 2-year) intervals.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Normal Variation in Early Parental Sensitivity Predicts Child Structural Brain Development

Kok

Thijssen

Bakermans‐Kranenburg

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

131

108

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Normal Variation in Early Parental Sensitivity Predicts Child Structural Brain Development

Kok

Thijssen

Bakermans‐Kranenburg

et al. 2015

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psych

131

108

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“…During the SSP, mild stress evokes attachment behavior in the infant by the unfamiliar lab environment, a stranger entering the room and engaging with the infant, and the parent briefly leaving the room twice. The total procedure consists of seven three-minute episodes, with the preseparation and separation in our study shortened by 1 min each, keeping the critical reunion episodes intact (Kok et al, 2013;Luijk, Saridjan, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total procedure consists of seven three-minute episodes, with the preseparation and separation in our study shortened by 1 min each, keeping the critical reunion episodes intact (Kok et al, 2013;Luijk, Saridjan, et al, 2010).…”

Section: Europe Pmc Funders Author Manuscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylation matters: FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) methylation moderates the associations ofFKBP5genotype and resistant attachment with stress regulation

et al. 2017

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The parent-child attachment relationship plays an important role in the development of the infant's stress regulation system. However, genetic and epigenetic factors such as FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) genotype and DNA methylation have also been associated with hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. In the current study, we examined how parent-child dyadic regulation works in concert with genetic and epigenetic aspects of stress regulation. We study the associations of attachment, extreme maternal insensitivity, FKBP5 SNP 1360780, and FKBP5 methylation, with cortisol reactivity to the Strange Situation Procedure in 298 14-monthold infants. Results indicate that FKBP5 methylation moderates the associations of FKBP5 genotype and resistant attachment with cortisol reactivity. We conclude that the inclusion of epigenetics in the field of developmental psychopathology may lead to a more precise picture of the interplay between genetic make-up and parenting in shaping stress reactivity. KeywordsAttachment; FKBP5; DNA methylation; Cortisol; StressThe attachment relationship between infant and parent is important in shaping the development of the child's stress regulation system (Gunnar, Brodersen, Nachmias, Buss, & Rigatuso, 1996). In the first year of life, human infants are dependent on protective Corresponding Author: Marinus van IJzendoorn or Marian Bakermans-Kranenburg, Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, PO Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, the Netherlands; vanijzen@fsw.leidenuniv.nl or bakermans@fsw.leidenuniv.nl. Europe PMC Funders GroupAuthor Manuscript Dev Psychopathol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 November 01. Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsEurope PMC Funders Author Manuscripts caregivers to regulate their temperature, food and fluid intake, and also to regulate stress in the face of threats and dangers (Bowlby, 1969). Sensitive parents, who promptly and adequately respond to their infants' distress signals, help to create a safe haven from which the child can freely explore the environment (Cassidy, 2008). These infants are more likely to develop a secure attachment relationship and the associated expectation that, in times of need, their parent will be available to protect them (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 2015). Insensitive parents, however, may be less prompt and effective in buffering stressful events and settings for their infant. In turn, their infants will be less likely to develop trust and the expectancy of reassuring parental support in times of illness, threat, anxiety and other stressful situations. These infants are also more likely to develop an insecure attachment relationship and a more tenuous style of coping with stressors, potentially resulting in a more reactive hormonal stress system (Fox & Hane, 2008). Stress regulation takes place via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and one of the crucial hormones involved is cortisol. Therefore, cortisol reactivity to stressors is usually considered to be a measure o...

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“…Less time-intensive, yet comprehensive, instruments have been developed, which examine mother-infant interactions during a variety of spontaneous and fun tasks, like free play [Paavola, Kemppinen, Kumpulainen, Moilanen, & Ebeling, 2006; Vliegen, Luyten, & Biringen, 2009; Dolberg, Feldman, Keren, 2010; Leerkes, 2011], or during more routine and structured tasks, like clean-up [Schneider-Rosen & Rothbaum, 1993; Gardner, Sonuga-Barke, & Sayal, 1999; Pears & Ayres, 2000; Kok et al 2012]. These instruments provide measurements of maternal sensitivity, intrusiveness, warmth, hostility, disengagement, and structured limit-setting [Pears & Ayres, 2000; Vliegen et al, 2009; Kaitz, Maytal, Devor, Bergman, & Mankuta, 2010] and have demonstrated concurrent validity [Kaitz et al, 2010; Vliegen et al, 2009], convergent validity [Caldera & Hart, 2004; Leerkes, 2011], and predictive validity [Paavola, et al, 2006; Kok et al, 2012] with a variety of child and parental outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These instruments provide measurements of maternal sensitivity, intrusiveness, warmth, hostility, disengagement, and structured limit-setting [Pears & Ayres, 2000; Vliegen et al, 2009; Kaitz, Maytal, Devor, Bergman, & Mankuta, 2010] and have demonstrated concurrent validity [Kaitz et al, 2010; Vliegen et al, 2009], convergent validity [Caldera & Hart, 2004; Leerkes, 2011], and predictive validity [Paavola, et al, 2006; Kok et al, 2012] with a variety of child and parental outcomes. These instruments are relatively quick and easy to use, and frequently predict later infant outcomes, often more so than coding systems that involved the quantification of individual behaviors [Munson & Odom, 1996].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of an instrument to measure global dimensions of maternal care in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

McCormack

Howell

Guzman

et al. 2014

American J Primatol

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One of the strongest predictors of healthy child development is the quality of maternal care. Although many measures of observation and self-report exist in humans to assess global aspects of maternal care, such qualitative measures are lacking in nonhuman primates. In this study we developed an instrument to measure global aspects of maternal care in rhesus monkeys, with the goal of complementing the individual behavioral data collected using a well-established rhesus macaque ethogram during the first months postpartum. The 22 items of the instrument were adapted from human maternal sensitivity assessments and a maternal Q-sort instrument already published for macaques. The 22 items formed four dimensions with high levels of internal reliability that represented major constructs of maternal care: 1) Sensitivity/Responsivity, 2) Protectiveness, 3) Permissiveness, and 4) Irritability. These dimensions yielded high construct validity when correlated with mother-infant frequency and duration behavior that was collected from focal observations across the first three postnatal months. In addition, comparisons of two groups of mothers (Maltreating versus Competent mothers), showed significant differences across the dimensions suggesting that this instrument has strong concurrent validity, even after controlling for focal observation variables that have been previously shown to significantly differentiate these groups. Our findings suggest that this Instrument of Macaque Maternal Care (IMMC) has the potential to capture global aspects of the mother-infant relationship that complement individual behaviors collected through focal observations.

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Attachment insecurity predicts child active resistance to parental requests in a compliance task

Abstract: Early attachment is an important contributor to child socialization of moral behaviour.

Cited by 31 publications

References 46 publications

Normal Variation in Early Parental Sensitivity Predicts Child Structural Brain Development

Normal Variation in Early Parental Sensitivity Predicts Child Structural Brain Development

Methylation matters: FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) methylation moderates the associations ofFKBP5genotype and resistant attachment with stress regulation

The development of an instrument to measure global dimensions of maternal care in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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