Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-Year-Olds in a Strange Situation

Ainsworth, Mary D. Salter; Bell, Silvia M.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1970.tb00975.x

Cited by 390 publications

(526 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Among all of the means of connection available to the infant-mother system (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970;Schneider-Rosen, 1990), this study investigates connection in terms of the body. Bowlby (1969) described bodily connection as the most basic and primitive form of bonding.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Categorization of attachment reflects qualitative rather than quantitative differences in the strength or weakness of attachment behaviors (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970). Use of the Strange Situation (Ainsworth et al, 1978;Ainsworth & Wittig, 1969) results in three classifications: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Boys' behavior, conversely, has been found to be more responsive to variations in stress than girls' behavior (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1973). Clear gender differences in status of attachment have not been found (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970;Ainsworth et al, 1978). Therefore, although no discrete predictions were suggested by the literature, we believed that the effects of status of attachment could be moderated by gender.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Connection and separation in the infant-mother dyad: Patterns of touch and use of interpersonal space

Brown

Pipp

Martz

et al. 1993

Infant Ment. Health J.

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Infant‐mother boundaries were operationalized in terms of body‐to‐body contact and use of interpersonal space. The unit of observation was the infant‐mother dyad. Infants between the ages of 12 and 24 months and their mothers were observed in three situations: self‐ and mother‐recognition tasks, and the free‐play and second reunion episodes of the Strange Situation. Infant‐mother touch and the pattern of proximity‐distality were principally determined by context of interaction; and, in the more stressful and more structured situations, the connection‐separation balance favored connection, whereas in the free‐play situation the balance favored separation. Infant‐mother touch and use of interpersonal space were not found to be isomorphic to attachment; in addition, attachment interacted with age and gender of the infant to describe level of connection‐separation. Results are discussed in the context of working models of the relationship and formation of boundaries.

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Connection and separation in the infant-mother dyad: Patterns of touch and use of interpersonal space

Brown

Pipp

Martz

et al. 1993

Infant Ment. Health J.

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“…Early research into issues of attachment and loss (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970;Ainsworth, 1979;Bowlby, 1969Bowlby, , 1973Bowlby, , 1998 has informed research into the psychological adjustment of vulnerable children (Brodzinsky, 2006;Fishman & Harrington, 2007;McGinn, 2007). Terms such as "Institutionalised Autism" (Gindis, 2008), also referred to as "institutionally induced autism" (Federici, 1998), "quasiautism" (Rutter, Colvert et al, 2007), "acquired institutional autism" (Miller, 2004), "post-institutional autistic syndrome" (Hoksbergen, Ter Laak, Rijk, Dijkum, & Stoutjesdijk, 2005), have been used to describe the "autistic-like" behaviours of a significant minority of children adopted from Romanian or other severely depriving orphanages or institutions.…”

Section: Contribution Of Past Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When these experiences are prolonged, primitive defensive responses may be activated, and the child may behave in such a way as to appear indifferent or detached. Behaviour may be misinterpreted as the child simply being independent (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970;Ainsworth et al, 1978;Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991).…”

Section: Attachment Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the primary school experiences of intercountry adoptees : perspectives of adoptive parents and children

Sempowicz¹

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Maternal correlates of stability and change in infant-mother attachment

Frodi

Grolnick

Bridges

1985

Infant Ment. Health J.

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The relations between maternal control style, sensitivity, and childrearing attitudes on one hand and the stability of the infant‐mother attachment relationship on the other were examined in a sample of 38 mother‐infant dyads. The mother‐child pairs were observed during a structured play session and in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when the infants were 12 and 20 months old, a developmental period characterized by increased autonomous functioning. Our results suggested that infants whose mothers had nonpunitive childrearing attitudes, were sensitive, and supportive of their infants' striving toward autonomy remained, or became, secure in their attachment relationship over their second year of life. Mothers who were more punitive, more controlling, and less sensitive had infants who either remained or became insecurely attached across this developmental period. While previous research has linked attachment stability to socioeconomic factors, the present investigation points to the importance of more subtle interactive variables to the understanding of the attachment relationship.

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Attachment, Exploration, and Separation: Illustrated by the Behavior of One-Year-Olds in a Strange Situation

Cited by 390 publications

References 16 publications

Connection and separation in the infant-mother dyad: Patterns of touch and use of interpersonal space

Connection and separation in the infant-mother dyad: Patterns of touch and use of interpersonal space

Examining the primary school experiences of intercountry adoptees : perspectives of adoptive parents and children

Maternal correlates of stability and change in infant-mother attachment

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