ATSDR evaluation of potential for human exposure to benzene

Wilbur, Sharon; Wohlers, David; Paikoff, Sari J.; Keith, L. Samuel; Faroon, Obaid

doi:10.1177/0748233708095772

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…The sampling duration and flow rate used for active sampling can be set to measure a wide range of air concentrations and to examine peak or integrated exposures. Methodologies for benzene collection and analysis across different media have been recently reviewed [18]. Benzene in air samples is analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) which separates VOCs that are collected simultaneously.…”

Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Weisel

2010

Chemico-Biological Interactions

181

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Benzene has been measured throughout the environment and is commonly emitted in several industrial and transportation settings leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation is the most common exposure route but benzene rapidly penetrates the skin and can contaminant water and food resulting in dermal and ingestion exposures. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it still is a component of petroleum products, including gasoline, and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued sub to low ppm occupational exposures, though higher exposures exist in small, uncontrolled workshops in developing countries. Emissions from gasoline/petrochemical industry are its main sources to the ambient air, but a person’s total inhalation exposure can be elevated from emissions from cigarettes, consumer products and gasoline powered engines/tools stored in garages attached to homes. Air samples are collected in canisters or on adsorbent with subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Ambient air concentrations vary from sub-ppb range, low ppb, and tens of ppb in rural/suburban, urban, and source impacted areas, respectively. Short-term environmental exposures of ppm occur during vehicle fueling. Indoor air concentrations of tens of ppb occur in microenvironments containing indoor sources. Occupational and environmental exposures have declined where regulations limit benzene in gasoline (<1%) and cigarette smoking has been banned from public and work places. Similar controls should be implemented worldwide to reduce benzene exposure. Biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk include: benzene in breath, blood and urine; its urinary metabolites: phenol, t,t-muconic acid (t,tMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (sPMA); and blood protein adducts. The biomarker studies suggest benzene environmental exposures are in the sub to low ppb range though non-benzene sources for urinary metabolites, differences in metabolic rates compared to occupational or animal doses, and the presence of polymorphisms need to be considered when evaluating risks from environmental exposures to individuals or potentially susceptible populations.

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Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermal and ingestion exposure to benzene can also occur in the general public from contact with contaminated water or food. It was estimated that ~7 and ~11 metric tons of benzene were released to surface waters and soil, respectively in 2004 in the US [18]. …”

Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Weisel

2010

Chemico-Biological Interactions

181

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“…Moreover, the systematic and standardized collection of relevant information on exposure is important especially in the context of low-level concentrations, given the ubiquitous presence of benzene in the environment coming from a variety of different sources (smoking, pollution, natural sources) (Wilbur et al 2008). Currently, the key to determine how to reduce benzene exposure in workers at risk is the combination of microenvironment exposure analysis, together with valid biomarkers measurements (Weisel 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uses of benzene range from the production of ethylbenzene (plastics, elastomers), cumene (phenol, acetone) and cyclohexane (nylon resins) to its presence as a component of gasoline, thus involving industrial sectors where emissions from mobile sources are prevalent (e.g. repair of motor vehicles) and pump stations (Weisel 2010;Wilbur et al 2008). In the past, benzene was commonly used as a solvent or an additive in the printing industry, in the rubber, adhesives and shoe manufacturing, and in paint and varnish removers (Zenz 1978;ATSDR 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure levels to benzene in Italy: findings from a national database

Scarselli

Binazzi

Marzio

2011

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…Human exposure to benzene occurs through inhalation, dermal absorption, the ingestion of contaminated food and drinking water, and active and passive tobacco smoking [2,3]. Benzene is converted into toxic metabolites including benzene oxide, phenol, hydroquinone (HQ), catechol, and 1,2,4-benzenetriol in the liver [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cytotoxic Effect of the Benzene Metabolite Hydroquinone is Mediated by the Modulation of MDR1 Expression via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Huang

Zhao

et al. 2015

Cell Physiol Biochem

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This is an Open Access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC) (www.karger.com/OA-license), applicable to the online version of the article only. Distribution permitted for non-commercial purposes only. Key Words Hydroquinone • MDR1 • NF-κB Abstract:Background/Aims: Benzene is a toxic chemical whose leukemogenic effects have been studied for decades. The mechanisms of benzene-induced toxicity and leukemogenicity are not fully understood, although the involvement of several pathways has been suggested, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death. In the present study, we investigated the effect of hydroquinone (HQ), a major benzene metabolite, on the viability of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods: First, we study the the effect of HQ on BMSCs cell viability, apoptosis and the expressions of MDR1 and NF-κB. Then we investigate the MDR1 on cell viability and cell apoptosis for BMSCs under HQ treatment. Finally, we studied the impact of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) on the expression of MDR1. Results: Our results showed that HQ decreased cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis of BMSCs, as determined by the MTT assay and flow cytometry. Western blotting and quantitative PCR showed that HQ downregulated the expression of the MDR1 gene by inhibiting the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Overexpression of MDR1 attenuated the inhibitory effect of HQ on cell viability in BMSC. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest the involvement of the multidrug resistance membrane transporter MDR1 and the NF-κB pathway in the cytotoxicity of benzene and its metabolites. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of the pathways involved and the crosstalk between them in mediating the effects of HQ in bone marrow progenitor cells.J. Huang and M. Zhao contributed equally to this work.

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ATSDR evaluation of potential for human exposure to benzene

Cited by 34 publications

References 173 publications

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Occupational exposure levels to benzene in Italy: findings from a national database

The Cytotoxic Effect of the Benzene Metabolite Hydroquinone is Mediated by the Modulation of MDR1 Expression via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway

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