ATRP of Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers Based on PVDF and Their Use as Membrane Additives

Abstract

The direct preparation of amphiphilic graft copolymers from commercial poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is demonstrated. Here, direct initiation of the secondary fluorinated site of PVDF facilitates grafting of the hydrophilic comonomer. Amphiphilic comb copolymer derivatives of PVDF having poly(methacrylic acid) side chains (PVDF-g-PMAA) and poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) side chains (PVDF-g-POEM) are prepared using this method. Surface segregation of PVDF-g-POEM additives in PVDF is examined as a route to wettable, foul-resistant surfaces on PVDF filtration membranes. Because of surface segregation during the standard immersion precipitation process for membrane fabrication, a PVDF/5 wt % PVDF-g-POEM membrane, having a bulk POEM concentration of 3.4 wt %, exhibits a near-surface POEM concentration of 42 wt % as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This membrane displays substantial resistance to BSA fouling compared with pure PVDF and wets spontaneously when placed in contact with water.

Polypropylene-based graft copolymers via CuAAC click chemistry

“…Therefore, the molecular weight of PP-g-PEG sample was decreased with respect to linear PP-N 3 . The similar behaviors were also reported by previously published studies [60][61][62]. For example, the molecular weight was decreased to 21 520 g·mol -1 in the synthesis of well-defined amphiphilic polysulfones-gpoly(ethylene glycol) starting from PSU-N 3 (25 600 g·mol -1 ) and PEG (550 g·mol -1 ) precursors [63].…”

Direct polymer brush grafting to polymer fibers and films by surface-initiated polymerization

“…On the other hand, direct 'grafting-from' surface modification of fluoropolymers without any pretreatment by means of C-X bond activation has been proposed. [50][51][52][53] Because C-F bonds are too stable (ca. 486 kJ mol −1 ) to initiate polymerization, VDF-based fluoropolymers have been used to initiate ATRP.…”

Material and Energy Flows in the Materials Production, Assembly, and End-of-Life Stages of the Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle

“…Where E CO2 is CO 2 emissions from the calcining step (kg/kg recovered lithium); R i is the molar ratio of carbon in carbon (1) or PVDF (2 mol C/mol PVDF); MW CO2 is the molecular weight of CO 2 (44 g/mol); MW i is the molecular weight of PVDF (107,000 g/mol [Hester et al 2002]) or carbon (12 g/mol); and R CO2 is the number of moles of carbon in CO 2 .…”