Atrazine degradation and enzyme activities in an agricultural soil under two tillage systems

Mahía, Jorge; Martín, A.; Carballas, T.; Díaz-Raviña, Montserrat

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.036

Cited by 57 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The data indicated that the persistence of hydroxyatrazine is longer in soils than either atrazine or its chlorinated degradation products. Similar results were reported by others and were attributed to its strong adsorption to soil and relatively slow degradation (Winkelmann and Klaine 1991;Assaf and Turco 1994;Peixoto et al 2000;Mahía et al 2007).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…It is well known that atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine), one of the most widely used herbicides, can be chemically and microbially degraded (Kaufman and Kearney 1970;Erickson and Lee 1989;Blumhorst and Weber 1994;Barriuso and Houot 1996), and its chemical and microbial degradation products are frequently present in soils (Dao et al 1979;Gaynor et al 1998;Da Silva et al 2000;Pimentel and Rosim 2000;Mahía et al 2007). The presence of atrazine and its three metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), deisopropylatrazine (DIA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-striazine) and hydroxyatrazine (HA, 2-hydroxy-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), have also been J. Mahía · A. Martín · M. Díaz-Raviña (&) Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia (CSIC), Avda Vigo s/n, Apartado 122, 15780 Santiago de Compostela, Spain e-mail: mdiazr@iiag.cesga.es shown in several Weld-monitoring studies of surface and ground waters (Poinke and Glotfeltly 1990;Thurman et al 1994;Du Preez et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extractable atrazine and its metabolites in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone

Mahía

Martín

Díaz-Raviña

2008

Environ Geochem Health

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Extractable atrazine and its metabolites (hydroxyatrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine) were evaluated in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone (Galicia, NW Spain) under laboratory conditions. The experiment was performed with five soils with different properties (organic C, soil texture and atrazine application history), both unamended and treated with atrazine at field application rate. Measurements of the atrazine compounds were made at different time intervals (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks) during a 3-month incubation period. Results showed that only hydroxyatrazine was detected in the extractable fraction of the unamended soils, with values remaining relatively constant throughout the incubation period. Atrazine addition notably increased the concentration of the parent compound and its degradation products; deisopropylatrazine and hydroxyatrazine were the main metabolites detected in the extractable fraction of the treated soils, whereas deethylatrazine was not detected. After 7 days incubation, values of total extractable residues, expressed as percentage of initially added atrazine, ranged from 75 to 86% (25-68% of atrazine, 7-11% of hydroxyatrazine and 9-57% of deisopropylatrazine). The values decreased rapidly during the first 3 weeks of incubation, showing values of 2-8% in soils with higher atrazine application and from 28 to 30% in soils with lower application history. At the end of the incubation, 2-8% of total extractable residues were still detected (0-4% of atrazine, 2-3% of hydroxyatrazine and 0-2% of deisopropylatrazine), indicating a residual effect of atrazine addition. These variations in the extractable fraction indicated that most added atrazine was rapidly degraded, especially in soils with higher application history.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extractable atrazine and its metabolites in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone

Mahía

Martín

Díaz-Raviña

2008

Environ Geochem Health

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“…27 -40 2013 Table 1 The detailed literature overview reveals that the most popular procedure for atrazine extraction from soil samples is liquid-solid extraction (LSE), carried out with shaking, sonication or in the presence of microwaves. Usually methanol, mixture of methanol-water (different proportions) [2,8,16,17,28,33,37,46,47,49,53] acetonitrile, acetonitrile -water, or acetonitrile-hexane (different proportion) [1,14,22] or chloroform [4] are used. In some cases solid phase extraction (SPE) on octadecyl (C18), phenylsulfonyl acid (PhSO 3 H) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) sorbents was carried out [2,4,33,37,44,47].…”

Section: Archives Of Environmental Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Insecticides and Atrazine in Soil by Mae–GC–ECD

Barchańska¹,

Czalicka²,

Giemza³

2013

Archives of Environmental Protection

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Abstract:The procedure for simultaneous extraction from soil and determination by means of GC-ECD insecticides: aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and herbicide: atrazine was worked out. The proposed GC-ECD technique provides limits of detection in range 12 μg/mL -18 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. Two different types of extraction: microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) with different solvents were tested to choose the procedure that provides the highest recoveries of analytes and low detection limits, typical for trace analysis (100 ppm or 100 mg/g, IUPAC). On the basis of recoveries and precision both extraction methods were compared. The insecticides recovery from soil samples obtained by UAE were in range 40-85%, coeffi cient of variation (CV): 1.3-5.0%, whereas for atrazine recovery was below 15% (CV: 8-18%). The most effi cient and precise extraction procedure turned out to be MAE with n-hexane: acetone. The recoveries were in range 70-85% for insecticides and 84% for atrazine, CV: 0.4-2.2% and 5.3% for insecticides and atrazine, respectively. The presented MAE-GC-ECD procedure enables extraction and determination of aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and atrazine in soil samples with high recoveries, precision and limits of detections in range 6 ng/g -8 ng/g in the case of insecticides and 1.5 ng/g for atrazine.The MAE-GC-ECD procedure was applied for the above mentioned pesticides determination in environmental samples. Soils were collected in agricultural as well as rural areas in Poland. In all cases atrazine was determined in concentration range: 0.0187 mg/g -0.1107 mg/g. Aldrin and dieldrin was detected in soil samples from two locations.

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“…An ideal method of treating contaminated soil is the use of microorganisms to break down pesticides, which not only avoids expensive soil excavation, but also maintains soil quality (Balba et al 1998). For decades, atrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine) has been used worldwide to control a variety of weeds in agriculture and forestry (Mahía et al 2007). It is considered a moderately persistent chemical in the environment with a half-life ranging from a few days to months (Khan and Saidak 1981;Jones et al 1982), and has a greater mobility in soils than many other herbicides (Buhler et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of atrazine degradation by crude and immobilized enzymes in two agricultural soils

Zhu

Wang

et al. 2011

Environ Earth Sci

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Contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by atrazine is a worldwide concern. Arthrobacter sp. HB-5 is a high-efficiency atrazine degradation strain isolated by our laboratory. Crude enzyme extracted from HB-5 and immobilized enzyme made from crude enzyme on sodium alginate were introduced to atrazine-polluted soils to evaluate the degrading ability for practical use and to calculate the kinetics of atrazine degradation. Atrazine was applied at 10 mg/kg of soil. Brown soil or cinnamon soil samples with crude or immobilized enzyme were incubated at 25°C. Samples were collected every 24 h from 0 to 144 h to extract the residual atrazine and analyzed using gas chromatography. Results showed, at 144 h, that only about 10% of the initially applied amount of atrazine was left in the two soils, except in the control soil samples without crude or immobilized enzyme. Before 48 h of incubation, crude enzyme removed atrazine faster than the immobilized enzyme in each soil sample. However, after 120 h, degradation of atrazine reached a similar level with either treatment. Atrazine seemed to be removed more easily from cinnamon soil than from brown soil, and both crude and immobilized enzyme could be used. However, the immobilized enzyme is preferred for its stability.

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Atrazine degradation and enzyme activities in an agricultural soil under two tillage systems

Cited by 57 publications

References 28 publications

Extractable atrazine and its metabolites in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone

Extractable atrazine and its metabolites in agricultural soils from the temperate humid zone

Simultaneous Determination of Selected Insecticides and Atrazine in Soil by Mae–GC–ECD

Enhancement of atrazine degradation by crude and immobilized enzymes in two agricultural soils

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