Atomically Thin Molybdenum Disulfide Nanopores with High Sensitivity for DNA Translocation

Liu, Ke; Feng, Jiandong; Kis, András; Radenović, Aleksandra

doi:10.1021/nn406102h

Cited by 420 publications

(454 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…12). We use our MoS 2 nanopore generator to power a MoS 2 transistor, thus demonstrating a self-powered nanosystem.MoS 2 nanopores have already demonstrated better water-transport behaviour than graphene 13,14 owing to the enriched hydrophilic surface sites (provided by the molybdenum) that are produced following either irradiation with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 15 or electrochemical oxidation 16 . The osmotic power is generated by separating two reservoirs containing potassium chloride (KCl) solutions of different concentrations with a freestanding MoS 2 membrane, into which a single nanopore has been introduced 13 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The osmotic power is generated by separating two reservoirs containing potassium chloride (KCl) solutions of different concentrations with a freestanding MoS 2 membrane, into which a single nanopore has been introduced 13 . A chemical potential gradient arises at the interface of these two liquids at a nanopore in a 0.65-nm-thick, single-layer MoS 2 membrane, and drives ions spontaneously across the nanopore, forming an osmotic ion flux towards the equilibrium state (Fig.…”

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“…We fabricated MoS 2 nanopores either by TEM 13 (Fig. 1c) or by the recently demonstrated electrochemical reaction (ECR) technique 16 .…”

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Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Feng

Gräf

Liu

et al. 2016

Nature

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Making use of the osmotic pressure difference between fresh water and seawater is an attractive, renewable and clean way to generate power and is known as 'blue energy' 1-3 . Another electrokinetic phenomenon, called the streaming potential, occurs when an electrolyte is driven through narrow pores either by a pressure gradient 4 or by an osmotic potential resulting from a salt concentration gradient 5 . For this task, membranes made of two-dimensional materials are expected to be the most efficient, because water transport through a membrane scales inversely with membrane thickness 5-7 . Here we demonstrate the use of single-layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanopores as osmotic nanopower generators. We observe a large, osmotically induced current produced from a salt gradient with an estimated power density of up to 10 6 watts per square metre-a current that can be attributed mainly to the atomically thin membrane of MoS 2 . Low power requirements for nanoelectronic and optoelectric devices can be provided by a neighbouring nanogenerator that harvests energy from the local environment 8-11 -for example, a piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire array 8 or single-layer MoS 2 (ref. 12). We use our MoS 2 nanopore generator to power a MoS 2 transistor, thus demonstrating a self-powered nanosystem.MoS 2 nanopores have already demonstrated better water-transport behaviour than graphene 13,14 owing to the enriched hydrophilic surface sites (provided by the molybdenum) that are produced following either irradiation with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 15 or electrochemical oxidation 16 . The osmotic power is generated by separating two reservoirs containing potassium chloride (KCl) solutions of different concentrations with a freestanding MoS 2 membrane, into which a single nanopore has been introduced 13 . A chemical potential gradient arises at the interface of these two liquids at a nanopore in a 0.65-nm-thick, single-layer MoS 2 membrane, and drives ions spontaneously across the nanopore, forming an osmotic ion flux towards the equilibrium state (Fig. 1a). The presence of surface charges on the pore screens the passing ions according to their charge polarity, and thus results in a net measurable osmotic current, known as reverse electrodialysis 1 . This cation selectivity can be better understood by analysing the concentration of each ion type (potassium and chloride) as a function of the radial distance from the centre of the pore, as we show here through molecular-dynamics simulations (Fig. 1b).We fabricated MoS 2 nanopores either by TEM 13 (Fig. 1c) Distance from the centre of the pore (Å)C max /C min = 1,000C max /C min = 500C max /C min = 100 LETTER RESEARCHosmotic current can be expected, owing to the long time required for the system to reach equilibrium. We measured the osmotic current and voltage across the pore by using a pair of Ag/AgCl electrodes to characterize the current-voltage (I-V) response of the nanopore.To gain a better insight into the performance of the MoS 2 nanopore power generator, ...

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Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Feng

Gräf

Liu

et al. 2016

Nature

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“…Other two-dimensional materials such as boron nitride (BN) 17 and molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ) 18 have been explored as alternatives to graphene, and advances in fabrication methods have allowed nanopores in ultrathin SiN x (ref. 19) and HfO 2 (ref.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…20) to be created. MoS 2 nanopores are of particular interest as they can be used for extended periods of time (hours, and even days) without the need for any additional functionalization 18 . The sticking of DNA to MoS 2 nanopores is reduced by the Mo-rich region around the drilled pore after irradiation with a transmission electron microcope (TEM) 21 , and their stability can be attributed to their relative thickness (single-layer MoS 2 has a thickness of 0.7 nm).…”

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Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores

et al. 2015

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The size of the sensing region in solid-state nanopores is determined by the size of the pore and the thickness of the pore membrane, so ultrathin membranes such as graphene and single-layer molybdenum disulphide could potentially offer the necessary spatial resolution for nanopore DNA sequencing. However, the fast translocation speeds (3,000-50,000 nt ms -1 ) of DNA molecules moving across such membranes limit their usability. Here, we show that a viscosity gradient system based on room-temperature ionic liquids can be used to control the dynamics of DNA translocation through MoS 2 nanopores. The approach can be used to statistically detect all four types of nucleotide, which are identified according to current signatures recorded during their transient residence in the narrow orifice of the atomically thin MoS 2 nanopore. Our technique, which exploits the high viscosity of room-temperature ionic liquids, provides optimal single nucleotide translocation speeds for DNA sequencing, while maintaining a signal-to-noise ratio higher than 10. Single nucleotide identification 1,2 and DNA sequencing 3 have already been demonstrated with biological nanopores. However, the fragility of such pores, together with difficulties related to measuring their pA-range ionic currents and their dependence on biochemical reagents, means that solid-state nanopores remain an attractive alternative 4 . In contrast to biological pores, solid-state nanopores can operate in various liquid media and pH conditions, their production is scalable and compatible with nanofabrication techniques 5 , and they do not require the excessive use of biochemical reagents. These advantages are expected to make solid-state nanopore sequencing cheaper than sequencing with biological pores.The basic sensing principle in sold-state nanopores is the same as in biological pores. A DNA molecule is threaded through a nanometre-sized pore under an applied potential and, ideally, the sequence of nucleotides is read by monitoring small changes in the ionic current flowing through the pore that are caused by individual nucleotides temporarily residing within the pore 6 . However, solid-state nanopores also allow a transverse detection scheme, which is based on detecting changes in the electrical conductivity of a thin semiconducting channel 4 . In both biological and solid-state nanopores, achieving an optimal translocation speed remains a significant challenge , ref. 8) and are also limited by their use of enzymes. Therefore, to achieve genome sequencing, thousands-or even millons-of biological pores need to be integrated into one sequencer. In solid-state nanopores, translocation speeds are on the order of 3,000-50,000 nt ms , the large range being a result of factors such as the pore size (1.5-25 nm) and the applied potential (100-800 mV) 9 . These fast speeds limit the ability of solid-state nanopores to reach single-nucleotide resolution, and are a major obstacle to the use of solid-state nanopores in the sequencing of DNA.Solid-state nanopores also face proble...

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Graphene: An Insight Into Electrochemical Sensing Technology

Shivakumar¹,

Krishna²

2020

Monoelements

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Atomically Thin Molybdenum Disulfide Nanopores with High Sensitivity for DNA Translocation

Cited by 420 publications

References 39 publications

Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Single-layer MoS2 nanopores as nanopower generators

Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores

Graphene: An Insight Into Electrochemical Sensing Technology

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