Atomic Structure and Binding of Carbon Atoms

Abstract

Carbon exhibits complex behavior due to several allotropes. Processing carbon precursors by different techniques and methods results in various carbon materials. However, the characterizations and analyses of processed carbon materials in any form do not keep up to the mark discussions. There are many uncertainties. First, there is a need to study each carbon allotropic form separately and then the binding of same-state atoms. Depending on the processing conditions of a carbon precursor, the state of the carbon atom changes. The conversion of the carbon atom from one state to another is due to the electron transfer mechanism. The bits of energy with shape-like dashes transfer electrons to nearby unfilled states during the state conversion of a carbon atom. The involved dash-shaped energy bit maintains partially conserved behavior. Atoms in the graphite state also study a one-dimensional structure under the execution of electron dynamics. There is a two-dimensional structure in nanotube atoms and a four-dimensional structure in fullerene atoms. If the diamond atoms bind, the outer ring electrons of the depositing diamond atom undertake an additional clamp of the outer ring energy knot of the deposited diamond atom. Binding in the diamond atoms occurs from the surface (east-west) to the south. Therefore, the growth of the diamond structure occurs from the south to the surface (east-west). Golf-stick-shaped energy bits bind the diamond, lonsdaleite, or graphene state atoms into their structures. In a glassy carbon structure, the layers of gaseous, graphitic, and lonsdaleite atoms bind simultaneously. The layers repeat in order during the growth process of glassy carbon. The hardness of the processed material in each state of carbon provides new insight. This study aimed to understand the fundamental and applied science of carbon atoms and their binding to structures.