Atomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO<sub>2</sub>during the first electrochemical lithiation

Mao, Minmin; Nie, Anmin; Liu, Jiabin; Wang, Hongtao; Mao, Scott X.; Wang, Qingxiao; Li, Kun; Zhang, Xixiang

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/26/12/125404

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…However, it has been reported that a much higher capacity (about 1130 mAh g −1 ) was delivered during the initial discharge . Many researchers have proposed detailed reaction mechanisms for RuO 2 , including mechanisms for the origin of its additional capacity . For example, Balaya et al have proposed an overall reversible reaction mechanism for RuO 2 using high‐resolution TEM (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), XRD, and Raman spectroscopy, which can be summarized in Equations –

{RuO}_{normal2} + {4Li}^{normal+} + {4e}^{-} \leftrightarrow Ru + {2Li}_{normal2} O

{Li}^{normal+} + {normale}^{-} + electrolyte \leftrightarrow SEI (Li)

{Li}^{normal+} + {normale}^{-} + {Ru/Li}_{normal2} O \leftrightarrow {Li/Ru/Li}_{normal2} O

…”

Section: Ruthenium Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hu et al have proposed that formation of LiOH and its reversible reaction to form Li 2 O and LiH are responsible for the additional capacity of RuO 2 , using solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and in situ synchrotron‐based techniques ( Figure ) . Recently, Mao et al observed a two‐step process during the first lithiation of RuO 2 nanowires using in situ TEM . Kim et al demonstrated that fast lithium storage occurs in the grain boundary of newly generated nanosized Ru metal and Li 2 O using in situ synchrotron‐based techniques of TEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and galvanostatic intermittent titration …”

Section: Ruthenium Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

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Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Lee

et al. 2015

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Developing high-energy-density electrodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is of primary importance to meet the challenges in electronics and automobile industries in the near future. Conversion reaction-based transition metal oxides are attractive candidates for LIB anodes because of their high theoretical capacities. This review summarizes recent advances on the development of nanostructured transition metal oxides for use in lithium ion battery anodes based on conversion reactions. The oxide materials covered in this review include oxides of iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, nickel, molybdenum, zinc, ruthenium, chromium, and tungsten, and mixed metal oxides. Various kinds of nanostructured materials including nanowires, nanosheets, hollow structures, porous structures, and oxide/carbon nanocomposites are discussed in terms of their LIB anode applications.

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{RuO}_{normal2} + {4Li}^{normal+} + {4e}^{-} \leftrightarrow Ru + {2Li}_{normal2} O

{Li}^{normal+} + {normale}^{-} + electrolyte \leftrightarrow SEI (Li)

{Li}^{normal+} + {normale}^{-} + {Ru/Li}_{normal2} O \leftrightarrow {Li/Ru/Li}_{normal2} O

…”

Section: Ruthenium Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ruthenium Oxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Lee

et al. 2015

Small

407

243

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“…265 With booming interest in this area, more and more research studies have been reported while using in situ TEM and STEM routes, such as for Co 3 O 4 , RuO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , MnFe 2 O 4 , Co 9 S 8 , and Ti 3 C 2 X electrodes. [265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273] Such direct data on structure/phase evolution in such anodes provide deep insights into the reaction mechanism toward a design of new electrode materials.…”

Section: Conversion Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid two-dimensional materials in rechargeable battery applications and their microscopic mechanisms

et al. 2016

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Integration of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials and their composites into energy storage devices, especially rechargeable batteries, offers opportunities to timely tackle the challenges of ever growing clean and sustainable energy demands. Therefore, it is crucial to design hybrid 2D electrode materials for high performance rechargeable batteries and to fundamentally understand their storage mechanisms at the atomic or nanoscopic levels. This review firstly describes some of the exciting progress achieved in the economic production of graphenes, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and their composites. Then we survey the recent developments in their electrochemical energy storage pathways and present the associated three kinds of storage mechanisms. In addition, we highlight the uncovered structure-performance relationships while utilizing advanced microscopic techniques, such as in situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spherical aberration-corrected scanning TEM (STEM), both leading to deep unveiling and understanding of the atomic-scale ion storage/release mechanisms and hence providing clear guidance for designing optimized 2D nanostructured electrode materials. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities that researchers have to face in this field are outlined. We hope that this review can deepen the Chemical and Material Science Communities' understanding of this field and thus effectively contribute to the smart design of future-generation 2D nanostructured electrodes and exploitation of their microscopic mechanisms toward novel high-performance rechargeable batteries.

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“…Figure shows the TEM images of graphene aerogels with different Ru contents. The lattice fringes of the black dots in Figure a, c, e, g emerge in the higher magnification images in Figure b, d, f, h. The corresponding lattice spacing is measured as 0.21 nm, which is consistent with that obtained by elemental Ru analysis . It can be concluded from the figures that the size of the Ru nanoparticles increases upon increasing the amount of RuCl 3 ⋅ x H 2 O added during the hydrothermal reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultralow Loading Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel for Trifunctional Electrocatalysis

Zhu

Gao

et al. 2018

ChemCatChem

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A three‐dimensional (3 D) nitrogen‐doped graphene aerogel (NGA) with confined ultrasmall ruthenium nanoparticles (2–4 nm) was prepared through a hydrothermal reaction of graphene oxide (GO), ammonia solution, and ruthenium trichloride hydrate, followed by high‐temperature annealing and oxidation. The reactants self‐assemble into a 3 D porous structure with Ru nanoparticles embedded inside. With ultralow N and Ru contents of 2.40 and 1.21 at %, the introduction of Ru and N in the 3 D graphene aerogel gives rise to multifunctional catalytic performance in oxygen‐ and hydrogen‐involved reactions. Particularly, its performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) surpassed those of commercial Pt/C and RuO2 in terms of both smaller potential (1.62 V vs. RHE) to reach 10 mA cm−2 and larger current densities across the applied potential range of 1 to 2 V (vs. RHE). Structural and chemical characterization revealed that the nanoparticle size and Ru/RuO2 ratio played decisive roles in determining the aerogel's electrocatalytic performance. Hence, this study demonstrates that the synergistic effect of nanosized Ru and a porous NGA can be applied to achieve effective multifunctional electrocatalysis, for which the Ru nanoparticles can be tailored to achieve optimized performance with the lowest‐necessary doping concentration.

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Atomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO₂during the first electrochemical lithiation

Abstract: CitationAtomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO 2 during the first electrochemical lithiation 2015, 26 (12):125404 Nanotechnology

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Hybrid two-dimensional materials in rechargeable battery applications and their microscopic mechanisms

Ultralow Loading Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel for Trifunctional Electrocatalysis

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Atomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO2during the first electrochemical lithiation

Abstract: CitationAtomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO 2 during the first electrochemical lithiation 2015, 26 (12):125404 Nanotechnology

Cited by 15 publications

References 56 publications

Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Conversion Reaction‐Based Oxide Nanomaterials for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes

Hybrid two-dimensional materials in rechargeable battery applications and their microscopic mechanisms

Ultralow Loading Ruthenium Nanoparticles on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Aerogel for Trifunctional Electrocatalysis

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Atomic resolution observation of conversion-type anode RuO₂during the first electrochemical lithiation