Atomic force microscopy of KH2PO4 crystallization in moist media

Rashkovich, L. N.; Shustin, O. A.; Chernevich, T. G.

doi:10.1016/s0022-0248(99)00301-2

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…KDP crystals measuring approximately 5 cm 3 were grown unidirectionally from seeds on alternately rotating platforms [11] in 3 L beakers submerged within variable temperature water baths. Crystals were grown by temperature reduction of a saturated aqueous solution from 401C to 351C at a rate of 0.51C/day.…”

Section: Crystal Growth and Hillock Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tetragonal crystals (space group I % 42d; point group % 42m) express two forms, {1 0 0} and {1 0 1}, that grow by spiral dislocations leading to chiral hillocks on enantiomorphous faces. Penetrating insights into the role of nanoscopic and mesoscopic secondary surface structures notwithstanding [2,3], an appreciation of KDP growth at the levels of ions [4,5] requires detailed models of step structure whose representation in turn requires correlation of the chirality of the hillocks with the absolute configuration of the crystallographic surfaces. To the best of our knowledge, this correlation has not been established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Correlation of KH2PO4 hillock chirality with absolute structure

Kaminsky

Haussühl

Bastin

et al. 2002

Journal of Crystal Growth

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An understanding of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KH 2 PO 4 crystal growth at the atomic scale first requires a correlation of the absolute structure and morphology with the chirality of its growth hillocks. This correlation is established here in four ways: by X-ray diffraction, by dyeing the growing surfaces with chiral molecules, as well as by determination of the signs of optical rotation, and the piezoelectric effect. We show that the (1 0 0) face, according to the X-ray coordinates given herein, is that face whose step edges run along the diagonal from lower right to upper left. r

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Section: Crystal Growth and Hillock Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of KH2PO4 hillock chirality with absolute structure

Kaminsky

Haussühl

Bastin

et al. 2002

Journal of Crystal Growth

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“…But more interesting, though not yet understood, was the re-deposition of crystal material in the area over which the tip-substrate meniscus was scanned in the absence of drying. This re-deposition was attributed to continuous evaporation of the meniscus [29,34,35], or even to differences in the water chemical potential in ultrathin water layers compared to bulk (i.e., within the meniscus) [13]. Although the physical mechanism that underlies this phenomenon still remains in question, here we use it to create 3D nanoscale structures and to study the kinetics of changes in surface shape when these overgrowths are allowed to relax away in order to minimize curvature and thus surface free energy.…”

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confidence: 97%

Solvent-mediated repair and patterning of surfaces by AFM

Elhadj¹,

Chernov

Yoreo³

2008

Nanotechnology

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A tip-based approach to shaping surfaces of soluble materials with nanometer-scale control is reported.The proposed method can be used, for example, to eliminate defects and inhomogeneities in surface shape, repair mechanical or laser-induced damage to surfaces, or perform 3D lithography on the length scale of an AFM tip. The phenomenon that enables smoothing and repair of surfaces is based on the transport of material from regions of high-to low-curvature within the solution meniscus formed in a solvent-containing atmosphere between the surface in question and an AFM tip scanned over the surface. Using in situ AFM measurements of the kinetics of surface remodeling on KDP (KH 2 PO 4 ) crystals in humid air, we show that redistribution of solute material during relaxation of grooves and mounds is driven by a reduction in surface free energy as described by the Gibbs-Thomson law. We find that the perturbation from a flat interface evolves according to the diffusion equation where the effective diffusivity is determined by the product of the surface stiffness and the step kinetic coefficient.We also show that, surprisingly, if the tip is instead scanned over or kept stationary above an atomically flat area of the surface, a convex structure is formed with a diameter that is controlled by the dimensions of the meniscus, indicating that the presence of the tip and meniscus reduces the substrate chemical 2 potential beneath that of the free surface. This allows one to create nanometer-scale 3D structures of arbitrary shape without the removal of substrate material or the use of extrinsic masks or chemical compounds. Potential applications of these tip-based phenomena are discussed.

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“…The invention of probe microscope has stimulated in situ investigations of growth mechanisms [14,[17][18][19]. The results obtained in those papers mainly confirmed the theoretical model of dislocation growth [20,21] and demonstrated possible mechanisms of the elementary step instability at the nanolevel (the scales were about 10 À6 cm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This is, probably, because of difficulties encountered in observation of the growing surface with a rather high resolution under the conditions of an inhomogeneous moving solution and a rapidly growing crystal. Nevertheless, it is clear from the previous investigations ex situ [1][2][3] and in situ [17][18][19][22][23][24][25] that the greatest influence on the growing surface stability is exercised by such factors as solution supersaturation, solution hydrodynamics, as well as morphology and size of the growing surface. The studies of the large-area surface may be an essential supplement to the results obtained over smaller scales and provide useful information for developing the large crystal growth technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%